功能性消化不良(Functional dyspepsia,FD)是一种常见的慢性非器质性胃肠道疾病,属于消化系统的常见疾病[1],具有餐后不适感、早饱、上腹部疼痛或灼热等临床症状。根据罗马IV 功能性消化不良标准,确诊前,上述症状至少出现6 个月,近3 个月有发作,每周至少出现3 次[2-3]。FD 在西方国家的发病率约10%~40%,亚洲国家的发病率约5%~30%[4-5],其中高达40%的FD 患者因无法忍受FD 症状带来的不适感而选择求医[6]。该疾病病程迁延,病情反复,给患者身心健康和个人生活质量产生重大影响[7]。
目前,FD 病因和发生机制是多因素共同参与的[4],胃肠运动异常、内脏高敏感性、肠-脑轴的失调和免疫系统功能障碍均与FD 相关[8]。近年研究表明,肠道菌群失调是引起FD 的重要发病机制之一[9-11]。通过改变肠道菌群的种类及组成,可能是缓解FD 症状的一种安全有效的治疗方式。
益生菌是对宿主有益的活性微生物,已被报道能有效缓解功能性胃肠道疾病,如肠易激综合征(IBS)[12-13],然而益生菌是否能够改善FD 仍存在争议。此外,由于黏膜损伤和炎症的产生,胃肠道作为参与FD 发病的器官而受到关注。由于大量肠道菌群定植于胃肠道区域,因此,通过调节肠道微生物来改善FD 症状,可能是一种有益的治疗选择。然而,目前益生菌在FD 治疗中的作用机制尚不清楚。本文综述近年发表于国内外的有关FD 发病机制及益生菌缓解FD 症状的相关研究。
肠道菌群是指寄居在人体肠道内,种类繁多的微生物,共有数万亿种[14]。临床研究显示,人类肠道菌群主要是在出生时接种定植的[15],微生物多样性随着饮食模式的成熟而发展。在2~3 岁时肠道菌群会逐渐形成稳定的、与成人类似的微生物区系[16]。由于pH 值、底物浓度、Eh(氧化还原电位、电子活性)和转运时间的变化,肠道不同解剖区域的微生物数量也不同,健康成人肠道中(主要是结肠段)定殖约1014 数量级的肠道微生物,其质量约1~2 kg,编码肠道微生物的基因数量是人体总编码基因的100~150 倍[17]。利用宏基因组方法研究肠道菌群与代谢之间的关系,发现肠道微生物是连接基因、环境和免疫系统的关键纽带[18-19]。
肠道内定植的益生菌在抑制胃肠道感染、改善营养物质代谢、刺激免疫系统、抗癌、抗腹泻和改善炎症性肠病方面起关键作用[20]。肠道菌群失调会导致肠道内环境紊乱,致使益生菌总量减少而引起一系列急性和慢性疾病[21-25]。益生菌主要是通过改变肠道菌群来改善宿主健康的。益生菌的干预为肠道微生物的调控和重构提供了新的方向和思路,益生菌通过调节机体肠道菌群的结构从而影响肠道菌群的代谢。
大量研究显示,与健康人相比,FD 患者的肠道微生物群物种组成有显著性变化(如表1 所示)。肠道菌群可能通过改善肠道屏障功能、内脏高敏感性和调控胃肠道动力改善FD 的临床症状。
表1 功能性消化不良患者及健康者的肠道菌群结构差异
Table 1 Differences in the structure of intestinal microbita between functional dyspepsia patients and healthy people
1.2.1 肠道菌群失调导致肠道屏障功能受损促进FD 的发展 肠道菌群失调引起肠道屏障功能受损与轻度肠黏膜炎症和免疫激活有关。研究证实,FD 患者与健康者相比,显示出较低的黏蛋白表达水平和较多的肥大细胞数量(MCs),这表明黏膜完整性受损,即表现为肠道通透性增加和轻度炎症发生[31]。通过检测肠道黏膜和炎症标志物发现,MCs 密度和炎症细胞对黏膜的浸润是FD 患者炎症反应的潜在作用[32]。抗生素的使用会导致菌群失调进而增加肠道MCs 数量[33]。肠上皮细胞附近的MCs 有利于色氨酸酶激活肠细胞基底层PAR-2 受体,导致紧密连接蛋白(TJ)重新分布和增加细胞旁通道对大分子物质的渗透性[34]。MCs 在激活时释放的其它介质,如组胺、凝乳酶和前列腺素D2,调节上皮细胞氯离子和水的分泌和渗透性[35-36]。MCs 介导的肠道屏障改变也与其它免疫细胞释放的神经肽、神经递质、激素(血管活性肠肽、SP、NGF、雌激素、雌二醇)和炎症介质(肿瘤坏死因子-α、干扰素-γ 和细胞因子)相关[36]。肠道上皮细胞屏障功能受损,致使致病菌渗透增多,激活T 淋巴细胞释放炎症细胞因子介导炎症的产生进一步加重炎症反应。
1.2.2 肠道菌群减弱内脏高敏感性改善FD 的发展 肠道菌群影响多种与内脏高敏感性及其信号传导有关的因素,如细胞因子的表达、皮质酮的分泌、短链脂肪酸及微生物代谢物的释放。通过评估无菌小鼠和常规小鼠炎症刺激诱导的物理伤害反应表明,部分共生菌对于小鼠发生炎症性高敏感性是必要的,暗示共生微生物群与宿主之间的相互作用在有利于适应环境压力(包括引起疼痛的压力)方面的重要作用[37]。Mcvey 等[38]通过粪菌移植试验发现,肠道共生微生物群是肠道感觉神经元正常兴奋的必要条件,从而为微生物群和神经系统之间的信息传递提供了一个潜在的机制。抗生素能改变小鼠固有黏膜免疫系统,并减轻腹腔注射辣椒素和乙酸引起的内脏疼痛反应。研究指出,30%~50%的FD 患者存在内脏高敏感性,而无胃肠道运动异常[39]。肠道微生物群显著影响内脏高敏感性,成为治疗FD 相关内脏高敏性的新靶点。
1.2.3 肠道菌群调控胃肠道动力影响FD 的发展 肠道微生物群及其代谢产物通过多种途径影响胃肠道蠕动,包括肠神经元、神经胶质和肠肌层巨噬细胞等。与野生型小鼠相比,缺乏肠道菌群的无菌小鼠胃排空时间和肠道转运时间都有所延长。移植无特定致病菌小鼠的肠道菌群到无菌小鼠以使无菌小鼠肠道菌群正常化,发现肠道转运时间恢复正常[40]。研究发现,肠道微生物发酵的代谢物,如短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)或肽,刺激中枢神经系统(CNS)和肠道神经系统(ENS)释放关键神经递质5-羟色胺(5-HT),5-HT 能通过肠平滑肌收缩促进肠运动障碍[41-42]。Cao 等[43]通过将便秘患者和健康对照组的粪便微生物移植给抗生素消耗小鼠模型,结果证实便秘菌群移植小鼠菌群失调,血清转运蛋白表达降低,5-HT 表达降低,胃肠道转运时间延长。此外,特定的肠道菌群与肠道动力存在直接联系,拟杆菌和阿克曼式菌与肠道转运时间加快相关,而梭菌、乳酸菌、脱硫弧菌、甲基杆菌与肠道转运时间减慢相关。
在临床实践中,药物治疗仍是治疗FD 患者的主要方式,包括根除幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)的药物、质子泵抑制剂(PPI)、H2 受体拮抗剂、抗抑郁药物和抗焦虑药等[44-45]。上腹痛综合征(EPS)患者一般选择抑酸剂或抗酸剂治疗,如质子泵抑制剂(PPI)及H2 受体拮抗剂。餐后不适综合征(PDS)患者通常选择使用促胃肠动力药物,如5-HT 受体激动剂等,通过刺激平滑肌收缩和神经递质调节神经元5-HT4 受体促进胃动力和胃肠道蠕动[46-48]。Talley[49]荟萃分析发现,PPI 对FD 患者临床症状具有显著疗效,而H2 受体拮抗剂对缓解FD 症状疗效优于PPI。然而,长期服用药物除了给患者造成巨大的经济负担[50],还会出现腹泻、头晕、呕吐及皮疹等不良反应[51-52],甚至伴随着头痛、萎缩性胃炎、胃息肉等副作用的产生[53-56]。
鉴于以上治疗药物的副作用及FD 患者增加且偏向年轻化的现状,探索新的防治FD 的措施格外受到关注。益生菌是一种安全的膳食补充剂,已成为研究热点。
研究显示,无论是临床试验中FD 患者或者动物实验中的动物模型,经过益生菌或其发酵产品干预后,临床症状出现不同程度的下降,且生活质量也不同程度得到提升。FD 发病机制复杂多样,加上益生菌的作用具有菌株特异性,不同种属的菌株,其生理、代谢也存在一定的差异,且益生菌自身生长状态的不同对肠道菌群及宿主代谢的影响也有所差异[57]。有研究证实,益生菌可通过调节肠道菌群来缓解FD 的症状(表2)。
表2 益生菌对功能性消化不良的影响
Table 2 The effect of probiotics on FD
周敏等[58]使用乳酸杆菌干预重型颅脑损伤FD 大鼠,结果表明,乳酸杆菌可有效调节FD 大鼠血清和胃肠组织的胃动素(MTL)和降钙素相关肽(CGRP)水平,加快胃内残留物的排除,提高胃肠道蠕动速率。经Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数分析,乳酸杆菌增加了大鼠胃内优势菌群,减少致病菌。这些结果表明,乳酸杆菌具有改善大鼠FD 的潜力。
Wauters 等[59]对68 例年龄≥18 岁的FDs 受试者进行为期16 周的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究。试验组每天饮用2 次益生菌胶囊(凝结芽孢杆菌MY01 和枯草芽孢杆菌MY02 按1∶1 比例混合,含有2.5×109 CFU 的菌数),安慰剂组服用麦芽糊精胶囊(不含任何共生菌)。结果显示,试验组FD 患者生活质量和短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)含量显著提高(P<0.05),临床症状评分显著降低(P<0.05),安慰剂组无明显变化。肠道菌群罗氏菌和明串珠菌科的丰度增加。证明凝结芽孢杆菌MY01 和枯草芽孢杆菌MY02 对FD 有一定的缓解作用。
Navarro-Rodriguez 等[64]对107 名确诊为FD的幽门螺杆菌感染受试者进行为期8 周的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照临床试验。结果显示,安慰剂组与益生菌组在细菌根除效果或根除幽门螺杆菌的不良反应减少无显著性变化。Yoon 等[65]利用4 种益生菌混合物进行为期4 周的根除幽门螺杆菌感染FD 患者的治疗,该疗法既不增加根除率,也不减少不良反应。由此可见,不同的结果可能是由于使用的产品、浓度、益生菌菌株、剂量和使用时间不同[66]。
各研究者的研究结果虽不尽相同,但并不能排除益生菌通过调节肠道微生物来缓解FD 的潜力。目前,益生菌改善FD 所涉及的机制尚未完全阐明,归结起来有以下几种机制(图1)。
图1 益生菌改善功能性消化不良机制[98]
Fig.1 Probiotics improve the mechanism of functional dyspepsia[98]
2.2.1 益生菌调节机体免疫功能 益生菌可以增加自然杀伤细胞的细胞毒性和巨噬细胞的吞噬作用,在先天性免疫中发挥重要作用,并通过与肠细胞和树突状细胞、Th1、Th2 和Treg 细胞相互作用介导适应性免疫反应[67]。一些益生菌能够上调抗体分泌水平、提高对病原体的抵抗力并增强疫苗反应的能力[68-70]。益生菌菌株可以增加IL-10 等抗炎细胞因子的水平,降低TNF-α、IL-1β 和IL-8等炎性细胞因子水平,对减轻肠道炎症和改善结肠炎有显著效果[69,71]。
2.2.2 益生菌促进短链脂肪酸的产生 乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌产生乳酸和乙酸是碳水化合物代谢的主要终产物。这些有机酸在原位生成时可以降低腔内pH 值并抑制病原菌的生长[72-74]。乳酸菌和双歧杆菌虽不产生丁酸,但通过与其它共生菌群(例如粪杆菌)相互作用可增加肠道中丁酸和其它短链脂肪酸的水平,可潜在影响心脏代谢、脑-肠互动等生理功能[75]。
2.2.3 益生菌与肠道菌群的相互作用 益生菌与肠道菌群通过营养竞争、拮抗、共生等方式相互作用[76]。益生菌对其它微生物的拮抗作用,可能是其代谢碳水化合物产生有机酸或细菌毒素的结果[77]。这些抗菌化合物可以在许多地方对病原体有活性,包括人类的尿道和肠道[78-79]。双歧杆菌产生醋酸盐,并能为肠道微生物群的其它成员提供能[80]。有研究表明,长叶杆菌AH1206 和双歧杆菌ATCC15696 菌株虽被证明能持续存在于婴儿肠道中,但并未检测出病原菌丰度下降与细菌毒素有关[81-82]。某些益生菌根除幽门螺杆菌的能力可能涉及对病原体的抑制作用,而更有力的证据表明,在这种情况下益生菌会减少抗生素治疗带来的不良反应[83]。
2.2.4 益生菌与宿主相互作用 益生菌通过菌毛和黏蛋白结合蛋白等细胞表面大分子物质与宿主相互作用。此外,益生菌细胞壁成分,如脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖等,在益生菌-宿主的相互作用中发挥积极作用[84]。研究表明,这些结构改变了免疫细胞、黏蛋白与肠道上皮细胞的结合,导致肠道转运时间延长,保证肠道屏障的完整性。鼠李糖乳杆菌GG 和GR-1 通过不同结构细胞表面大分子物质,如胞外多糖等,黏附于肠道上皮,增加肠道屏障完整性[85]。
2.2.5 益生菌改善肠道屏障功能 通过对细胞系的研究发现乳杆菌和双歧杆菌能增加紧密连接蛋白的表达[86]。对人肠上皮细胞和结肠细胞的研究表明,鼠李糖乳杆菌GG 预处理可以保护IFN-γ引起的紧密连接蛋白和闭锁蛋白的损伤[87]。益生菌通过上调黏液分泌基因表达、减少病原体与上皮细胞的结合、下调炎症因子表达改善肠道屏障功能[88-89]。然而,益生菌具有菌株特异性,尽管部分益生菌可以显著改善肠道屏障功能,但由于作用机制尚未清楚,不是每一株益生菌都有这一功效[90]。
2.2.6 益生菌促进神经递质的产生 胃肠道、肠神经系统和中枢神经系统之间存在双向调节作用。最近的临床试验表明,肠道微生物群在这些肠-脑相互作用中起着重要作用。某些益生菌菌株产生的小分子物质对宿主及其肠道微生物有不同的影响[89]。神经化学物质的产生如催产素、γ 氨基丁酸、5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和乙酰胆碱会影响肠-脑功能[91-93]。肠-脑神经系统通过神经递质的调节作用,改善了FD 患者肠道蠕动、上腹部不适、食欲不振和便秘等症状[94]。
2.2.7 益生菌促进酶的产生 一些益生菌菌株产生和输送的微生物酶,如β-半乳糖苷酶[95]和胆盐水解酶[96],改善了人体乳糖消化和血脂状况。以酸奶中的嗜热链球菌为例,它能促进乳糖消化,即嗜热链球菌进入小肠后,受到胆汁酸渗透作用,促进微生物β-半乳糖苷酶转运到小肠,从而将乳糖分解为容易消化的葡萄糖和半乳糖。这一结果表明,嗜热链球菌可以缓解乳糖消化不良的症,这给乳糖不耐症的人群在临床上提供了益处[97]。
目前,在临床试验中,因个人生活环境、药物使用及发病历程等,益生菌改善FD 的功效存在差异。由此,在未来的研究中应综合考虑以上因素,以便探讨益生菌对FD 患者的改善作用。近年来,益生菌的研究主要针对乳酸杆菌、乳双歧杆菌、植物乳杆菌等,然而益生菌的功效具有菌株特异性,应扩大益生菌研究范围,选择适合FD 患者的益生菌菌株,同时还可以考虑使用复合益生菌发挥更好的改善FD 的治疗效果。
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Research Progress of Probiotics Regulating Intestinal Flora to Improve Functional Dyspepsia