At present， with the rapid development of science and technology， the food industry is undergoing profound changes， and food biosynthesis technology has become a key force to promote this change. From addressing global food security， to meeting people's desire for healthy， nutritious food， to addressing growing environmental challenges， food biosynthesis shows great potential. It uses cutting-edge technologies such as synthetic biology and precision fermentation to break through the limitations of traditional food production and bring new opportunities to the food industry. However， like any emerging field， it also faces many challenges along the way. This paper discussed the field of food biosynthesis in depth， analyzed the core technologies of synthetic biology and biomanufacturing in detail， reviewed the strategic layout at home and abroad， showed the research status and innovative achievements of food biosynthesis such as alternative protein， fats， starch， accessorial food ingredients and nutrients， comprehensively analyzed the challenges faced in this field， and put forward the future development trend.