The protective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CP234 isolated from Shanxi aged vinegar on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD） in rats were investigated. Oral administration of L. plantarum CP234 significantly decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol（TC）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C） and triglyceride（TG）in rats with high fat diet induced NAFLD. Also， the lipid profile of liver were significantly changed. Serum alanine transaminase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） were decreased， meanwhile， superoxide dismutase （SOD） and glutathion reductase （GSH） in liver were enhanced， which recovered and improved the oxidative stress ability and function of liver. The fluorescence quantitative PCR results suggested that downregulating lipogenesis （PPAR-γ、FAS and ACC-1） and upregulating genes expression related to lipolysis were also involved in the beneficial effect of L. plantarum CP234 on NAFLD. Furtherly， the effect of L. plantarum CP234 on intestinal floras and fecal pH and water content were studied.