The method of 16S rDNA sequencing was used to explore effect of rose-flower water extract （RWE） on intestinal flora in rats， and combining with the results of transcriptomic analysis to explore the role of the function of RWE. SD rats full of 6-week-age were sacrificed and controlled group（ZC） were gavaged with distilled water， experimental group were respectively gavaged with low， medium and high-dose of RWE， each group with 8 rats. The results indicated that low， medium and high-dose of RWE had no significant effect on index of blood lipid and index of growth and development of normal rats. The difference in the content of Prevotellaceae in rats’ faeces and the content of Prevotella in rats’ cecum were obvious. They were all high-dose group < controlled group < medium-dose group < low-dose group. Compared with controlled group， the liver transcriptome of rats was significantly affected by different dose of RWE. The differentially expressed genes of low-dose of RWE was 101， and the significantly enrichment pathway was antigen processing and presentation（ko04612）. The differentially expressed genes of medium-dose of RWE was also 101， and they mainly enriched in 4 pathways including the pathway of antigen processing and presentation and TNF signaling pathway （ko04668）， etc. The differentially expressed genes of high-dose of RWE was 76， and they mainly enriched in 6 pathways including antigen processing and presentation and MAPK signaling pathway（ko04010）， etc. There were also significant changes in the doses. The research indicated that RWE had a significant influence on Prevotella on intestinal tract of rat and also significantly affected the immune response of the liver. It also suggested that RWE can affect the body's health by interfering with the diversity of intestinal microbial and it had the potential to induce the aging of tumor cells and improve the immune function of the body.