Food safety issues have always been a research hotspot because they involve people’s livelihood. In food safety research， animal toxicity needs to be evaluated through animal experiments. However， due to ethical issues， costs， and experimental cycles， certain limitations have been encountered. Caenorhabditis elegans has a simple structure， a short test cycle， and a highly conservative signaling pathway. Such characteristics provide a new choice for rapid evaluation of food safety. This article describes in detail the homology of C. elegans and the conservation of the immune defense mechanism， and its application research in food safety， including the toxicity mechanism of various external hazard factors， and the regulatory mechanism of the immune defense of C. elegans. And analyzed the application of Caenorhabditis elegans. It provides a certain reference for the application of Caenorhabditis elegans in food safety evaluation.