Gut microbiota is closely related to body health. Dietary factors with a wide range of sources and complex components， as the main factors affecting gut microbiota， can play a regulatory role in gut microbiota through a variety of mechanisms. Therefore， it is of great significance to use different dietary components to achieve targeted regulation of gut microbiota. This paper summarized the regulatory effects of various dietary factors on gut microbiota， introduced the research process and important research results of Microbiota-Directed Food （MDF）， and prospected the food programs of targeted gut microbiota regulation.