The objective of this study was to elucidate composition of microbial community structure and analysis of its differences in Xinjiang Kazakh traditional air-dried meat. IlluminaMiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the bacterial 16S rRNA V4-V5 region gene sequence in Xinjiang traditional air-dried meat samples. The results showed that a total of 1 788 749 valid gene sequence bands and 308 OTU were obtained from 26 samples in the three groups， of which the number of OTU shared by the three groups was 237 and the number of OTU shared by the 26 samples was only 13. The diversity analysis showed that there was a high degree of microbial community diversity in traditional air-dried meat. At the bacterial genus level， the genus Lycobacterium（30.76%） and Cyclosphaera （7.82%） were the dominant flora in the sample. In addition， Carnobacterium （2.59%）， Leuconostoc（2.20%）， Enterococcus （1.06%） and other lactic acid bacteria and micrococci （1.69%）， Staphylococcus （1.60%） were also detected. The research results have deepened understanding of the composition and diversity of bacteria communities in the traditional air-dried meat of the Kazakhs in Xinjiang. A large number of conditional pathogenic bacteria were contained in Xinjiang traditional air-dried meat， which seriously affected the safety of the air-dried meat.