Pursuing a better life promotes the development the protein for diversification， differentiation， and personalization. Because of the continuous growth of population and improvement in living standards， there is an urgent need to increase the supply of large-scale， inexpensive， sustainable， and high-quality protein from renewable feedstocks. The metabolic network and regulatory of microbial were engineered and designed by synthetic biology and metabolic engineering， obtaining microbial cell factories， and providing a promising avenue toward sustainability for the production of amino acids and protein from renewable feedstock. In the present review， we focus on the research progress in the ammonia synthesis pathway， microbial amino acids production， and microbial protein production， which is expected to serve as a reference for amino acids and protein production by microbial cell factories.