Neurodegenerative diseases are the pathological basis of cognitive function degradation and nervous system diseases， which are affected by many internal and external environmental factors. Microbes living in the gut can affect health and the occurrence and progress of many diseases， including nervous and mental diseases. Intestinal disorders are closely related to cognitive and motor dysfunction diseases， such as Alzheimer's disease， Parkinson's disease， Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis and so on. It was found that dietary intervention can improve the relationship between gut and brain， regulate the advanced brain functions such as cognition and emotion， alleviate cognitive decline and inhibit neurodegenerative diseases. But the internal mechanism is not clear， which may be related to dietary intervention regulating the composition and function of gut microbiota， thereby improving intestinal metabolism， intestinal endocrine and other mechanisms. This paper analyzes the relationship between dietary intervention and the regulation of gut microbiota and related physiological and biochemical changes， brain cognition and neural function， and discusses the role and possible mechanism of dietary intervention in gut microbiota， gut brain connections and neurodegenerative diseases.