To investigate the distribution characteristics of the main functional components (6 isoflavone monomers and 4 saponin monomers) and anti-nutritional factors (3 oligosaccharide monomers， trypsin inhibitor， and lectin) in soybeans， a total of 62 samples collected from nine major soybean production areas were analyzed. The results showed that the total contents of isoflavones ranged from 0.03 mg/g to 2.26 mg/g， with three glycosylated isoflavones (daidzin， glycitin， and genistin) as the predominant compounds (accounting for 65.5%-99.4%) in all of the soybean samples. The total saponin contents varied between 0.03 mg/g and 0.44 mg/g， primarily composed of A saponins (Aa， Ab)， accounting for 40%-100% of the total saponins. The oligosaccharide contents ranged from 4.40 mg/g to 39.3 mg/g， with sucrose being the predominant component comprising 46%-78.8% of the total oligosaccharides. The contents of trypsin inhibitor and lectin were 10.2-53.8 IU/mg and 5.07-8.65 mg/g， respectively. Large coefficients of variation were observed for each quality index (except lectins)， ranging from 41.9% to 81.5%， indicating high breeding potential. An in-depth analysis of diverse soybean varieties showed that soybean landraces exhibit higher concentrations of the functional components and lower concentrations of the anti-nutritional factors in comparison to cultivars. Furthermore， noteworthy disparities were noted in the levels of isoflavones， saponins， oligosaccharides， and trypsin inhibitor among soybeans of the same variety from the different counties (cities， districts)， with variations of 0.24-13 times. Correlation analysis revealed that the content of daidzin was extremely significantly positively correlated with genistin (r = 0.95， P < 0.01)， and the content of glycitein was extremely significantly positively correlated with genistein (r = 0.94， P < 0.01). The content of Ab was extremely significantly positively correlated with Ba (r = 0.62， P < 0.01) and Bb (r = 0.57， P < 0.01). The content of sucrose was extremely significantly positively correlated with stachyose (r = 0.86， P < 0.01). There was an extremely significant positive correlation between the content of saponin and oligosaccharide (P < 0.01). The altitude， cumulative precipitation， and cumulative sunshine hours had significant weak correlations with isoflavone content， saponin content， and oligosaccharide content (P < 0.05). This study provides data support for the breeding， cultivation， processing， and consumption of high-quality soybeans in China.