With the rapid pace of life and demographic changes， brain health-related problems such as anxiety， depression and age-related neurodegenerative diseases pose a serious threat to public and individual health. To mitigate these issues， there is an emphasis on the importance of dietary nutrition interventions for specific populations in 'Healthy China 2030' and in the National Nutrition Plan 2017-2030. The structure and rhythms of a diet have a profound effect on the health. Recently， a number of team studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of adjusting diet rhythms and extending fasting periods in improving brain health. This review discussed recent advances regarding the effects of gut microbiota and their metabolites on central nervous system function via the gut-brain axis in nutritional interventions for regulating dietary rhythms. It provided an important theoretical reference for future precision nutrition interventions of special populations by summarizing the intervention effect and molecular mechanisms of dietary regulation in mental and neurological conditions， as well as chronic metabolic diseases.