Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology (International standard serial numbering ISSN 1009-7848; Chinese numbering CN 11-4528/TS) is published monthly by Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology (CIFST). As an official magazine of the institute, it aims to present up-to-date progress of research and development in food science and technology being the sound base of modern food industry in China, and to promote the academic exchange for domestic and international food professionals.

Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology is the food publications on behalf of the Chinese food industry and the level of science and technology core journals of science and technology of China and the Chinese core journals. It has been included by many famous domestic and foreign literature retrieval institutions such as the Engineering Index (EI), Chemical Abstracts (CA), Food Science and Technology Abstracts (FSTA), Scopus, Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD) journal, JSTChina, etc. The regular contents of the journal include original study reports, reviews, professional’s forum, academic activities, technology news, CIFST information etc. The topics cover food chain related areas: Raw material, ingredient, technology, packaging, machinery, detection methods, safety and security, circulation, comprehensive utilization, new product studying achievement, experiment and research report, monographic thesis of food and food industry development, and the review of international food consuming trends, food science and technology development, food policy and regulation. The journal is read by food scientists, food engineer, food technologists, agronomist, nutritionist, medical professionals, research work mangers, enterprisers, educators, students, food policy makers, etc. It will be recognized as the high-level academic journal among the more than 160 food magazines. CIFST has already established the IUFoST’s satellite office in China under the authorization of IUFoST on April, 2002. The journal will further act as an important role in the international exchange and cooperation of worldwide food professionals.

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    2024,24(7):1-13, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.001
    Abstract:
    With the continuous improvement of science and technology related to food olfactory and taste senses and emotional cognition, more and more instrumental analysis methods and experimental equipment are used in the research of the above fields. The diversification and comprehensiveness of detection methods and the improvement of detection accuracy are accompanied by the expansion of data scale related to flavor perception. How to obtain key information from the analysis results of food flavor instruments and the large amount of data collected in the research of consumers' emotional cognition and behavior, and establish the correlation between the data, has been paid more and more attention by researchers. Data mining and modeling technology in the field of food is to use a large amount of data obtained in the process of food production and circulation to monitor the physical and chemical changes in each link of the food industry chain in real time and accurately, and to predict the impact of these changes on consumers' sensory characteristics and emotional cognition. In the field of food smell and taste perception, data mining and modeling techniques can provide unprecedented insight and analytical power to food researchers and consumers. Based on the supervised and unsupervised data mining and modeling methods and deep learning methods of classical machine learning methods, this paper analyzes the latest application progress in the research of food sensory attributes and emotional cognition, and looks forward to the application prospect of data mining and modeling technology in the field of food olfactory and taste perception. Help the scientific and technological progress and industrial upgrading of the food industry.
    2024,24(7):14-23, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.002
    Abstract:
    In this experiment, differently charged short peptides T7+ and T6- were used to investigate the mechanism of the change in α-amylase activity and conformation by the positively charged short peptide T7+ and the negatively charged short peptide T6-. The changes of α-amylase activity and conformation were verified by the determination of relative enzyme activity, Mie's constant (Km), activation energy and zeta potential after the addition of short peptides to α-amylase system. In order to observe more clearly the effects of different charged short peptides on the conformation of α-amylase, UV absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, simultaneous fluorescence spectra and circular dichroism spectra were also introduced to further investigate the conformational changes of α-amylase. The results showed that the addition of the charged short peptide into the enzymatic reaction of α-amylase, the positively charged short peptide T7+ inhibited the α-amylase enzyme activity, and the relative enzyme activity of α-amylase decreased by 2.40% when the short peptide concentration was 10-7 g/mL, and also decreased the affinity of α-amylase with soluble starch, increased the activation energy and increased the zeta potential. The negatively charged short peptide T6- promoted the α-amylase enzyme activity, and when the short peptide concentration was 10-7 g/mL, the relative enzyme activity of α-amylase increased by 1.40%, and also made the affinity of α-amylase with soluble starch increase, the activation energy decrease and the zeta potential increase. Spectroscopic analysis showed that different charged short peptides changed the UV-visible absorption spectrum, fluorescence spectrum and secondary structure of α-amylase to different degrees. It was demonstrated that different charged short peptides could play a role similar to that of electric field, the electric field force generated by the electric field when acting on the proteins contributed to the conformational change of the proteins, and the surface charge of the artificially designed synthetic short peptides affected the distribution of the surface charge of the enzyme, which led to the change of the enzyme activity and conformation.
    2024,24(7):24-35, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.003
    Abstract:
    Quorum sensing (QS) is a process by which bacteria communicate with each other through signaling molecules such as N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). In vitro degradation of AHLs by the Quorum quenching (QQ) enzyme is an effective means of inhibiting the production of spoilage factors by spoilage bacteria. To further enhance the activity and usefulness of the QQ enzyme PF-1240, a three-dimensional prediction model of enzyme PF-1240 was constructed by homology modeling and molecular docked with different AHLs, based on which the key sites affecting the enzyme activity were screened by virtual mutation and Asn418 was identified as the best mutation site, and then the mutant was expressed to analyze its enzymatic properties and QS inhibition effect. The results showed that the mutant enzyme had a strong quenching ability for short-chain AHLs, and its optimum pH changed to 7 and the optimum temperature changed from 30 ℃ to 20 ℃. In addition, the mutant enzyme effectively reduced the swarming and swimming ability of Hafnia alvei, and the biofilm inhibition rate was 41.93% when its mass concentration was 15 μg/mL, which was much better than wild enzyme. This study shows that Asn418 is the key amino acid affecting the enzymatic properties and enzymatic activity of PF-1240, which provides a theoretical basis for the rational design of the enzyme PF-1240 and its application in the field of fish preservation.
    2024,24(7):36-46, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.004
    Abstract:
    To investigate the effect of buckwheat hull flavonoids (BHFs) on apoptosis and migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. The inhibitory effect of BHFs on human lung cancer A549 cells, human cervical cancer Hela cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells and human normal liver L-02 cells was evaluated by MTT colorimetric method, and HepG2 cells were further selected as experimental subjects. Cell morphology was analyzed by Hoechst 33345/PI double staining, JC-1 fluorescence probe detection, Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry, wound healing assay, and Western blot analysis of BHFs pretreatment to investigate the effects of apoptosis and migration of HepG2 cells and the potential mechanism. The results showed that BHFs could effectively inhibit the viability of A549, Hela and HepG2 cells, the inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells was the most significant, the survival rate of HepG2 cells was 53.62% after treatment with 50 μg/mL for 48 h,and had no effect on L-02 cells viability. Compared with the untreated group, BHFs inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, down-regulated the expression of apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, increased the expression of FADD and cleaved-Caspase-3, and decreased the expression of migratory protein MMP 9, and the effect was significantly superior to that of positive control of rutin. The results indicate that BHFs have anti-tumor ability, and the inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation may be related to the induction of mitochondrial, death receptor cell apoptosis and the inhibition of cell migration.
    2024,24(7):47-59, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.005
    Abstract:
    Objective: To explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of zeaxanthin (ZEA, a natural carotenoid) based on the NF-κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS-induced) 3T3-L1 adipocytes chronic inflammatory. Methods: The inflammatory models were established by using LPS to stimulate mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes and were intervened with different concentrations of ZEA (0, 5, 10, 15 μmol/L). The content of inflammatory-related cytokines was measured, and their mRNA expression levels were detected by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR). In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of signaling pathway cytokines were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with the normal group, ZEA intervention significantly down-regulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 (P<0.001) while up-regulated the content of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and ADPN (P<0.001) in the inflammatory models. Moreover, qPCR indicated that ZEA inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (P<0.001) while recovering the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (P<0.001). Furthermore, Western blot analysis suggested that ZEA notably decreased the protein and phosphorylation expression of catalytic subunits of IκB kinases (IKKα and IKKβ) (P < 0.001), then increased the combination of inhibitory protein IκBα and nuclear transcription factor NF-κB p65, and eventually inhibited the transcription of NF-κB p65 in the nucleus. Conclusions: Zeaxanthin effectively alleviates obesity-caused chronic inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway activation and regulating inflammatory cytokines secretion.
    2024,24(7):60-69, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.006
    Abstract:
    The inhibition of small molecules on pancreatic lipase (PL) has become an important model for screening anti-obesity ingredients in vitro. In this paper, the active constituents with strong binding effect were screened from flavonoids by molecular docking method. The inhibitory activity and type of inhibition were studied by enzyme kinetics, and the binding reaction and mechanism of active constituents and PL were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. Three flavonoids were selected in vitro: Baicalein (Bai), Quercetin (Que) and Fisetin (Fis). Molecular docking results showed that the binding of the three flavonoids to PL was located near the residues of Ser153-His264-Asp177 at the catalytic site, and the main forces were hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding. Bai, Que and Fis showed dose-dependent inhibitory activity on PL, with IC50 values of 49.14, 57.78, 61.26 μg/mL, respectively. Inhibition kinetics showed that Bai and Fis had competitive inhibition on PL, while Que was mixed inhibition. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the quenching of PL by the three flavonoids belonged to static quenching, and the binding constants were all greater than 105 orders of magnitude, indicating that Bai, Que and Fis formed stable complexes with PL. The analysis of thermodynamic parameters showed that the main binding forces of Bai and PL were hydrogen bond and van der Waals force, and the binding of Que, Fis and PL was through hydrophobic interaction. This paper will provide new ideas for the development of novel PL inhibitors.
    2024,24(7):70-78, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.007
    Abstract:
    Based on the simulation of gastrointestinal digestion in infants and young children, particle size distribution, zeta potential and laser confocal scanning electron microscopy were used to observe the differences in the physical properties of milk fat globules (MFG) from different milk sources (bovine, ovine and camel) at different stages of digestion, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to a titration method was used to study the changes in free fatty acids and lipolysis rate at different stages of digestion to refine the changing law of lipid digestion. The results showed that the particle size of MFG from different milk sources tended to decrease with increasing digestion time, which was consistent with the observation after laser confocal microscopy staining. At the end of intestinal digestion, the mean particle size of camel milk MFG was (0.46±0.07) μm, which was significantly lower than that of cow milk MFG (P<0.05). The absolute values of potentials measured by dynamic light scattering potentiometry showed that all milk source MFGs had strong negative electrical properties after entering the gastrointestinal digestion, with the absolute values of potentials at the end of the intestinal digestion in the order of goat's milk > cow's milk > camel's milk from largest to smallest. There was no significant difference in the rate of lipolysis of MFG from different milk sources during intestinal digestion, whereas camel milk MFG had a significantly higher (P<0.05) content of palmitoleic acid (C16∶0) and a lower proportion of long chain fatty acids compared to the other two milk sources at different stages of digestion. The results of this study provide new ideas for the processing of camel milk products and the preparation of new formulas.
    2024,24(7):79-87, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.008
    Abstract:
    Linalool can effectively reduce the probability of foodborne diseases caused by pathogen contamination. However, few studies have focused on the resistance and resuscitation of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state induced by the typical essential oil, linalool. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of linalool against Salmonella enteritidis was determined by twofold dilution test (0.4%) and differences of resistances between culturable and VBNC S. enteritidis against heat, citric acid, acetic acid and lactic acid, ceftriaxone sodium, levofloxacin and hydrogen peroxide was compared by PMAxx-qPCR method. VBNC bacteria was resuscitated for 72 h incubation of sodium pyruvate, catalase and logarithmic Salmonella cell-free supernatant dilution. The results showed that resistances of VBNC S. enteritidis to heat, acid and antibiotics were weaker than those of the culturable, but resistance to hydrogen peroxide was significantly higher than that of the culturable. After 72 h treatment, only catalase successfully revived VBNC S. enteritidis with concentration of (5.51±0.08) lg(CFU/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels among culturable, VBNC and resuscitated S. enteritidis were measured, from which the role of ROS accumulation of the formation of VBNC state was demonstrated. This study may provide ideas and scientific basis for the effective supervision of VBNC state under the application of natural antibacterial substances.
    2024,24(7):88-99, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.009
    Abstract:
    Hyperuricemia is the biochemical basis for the development of gout and is a serious threat to human life. In this paper, focusing on the relief of hyperuricemia by lactic acid bacteria, the guanosine and inosine degradation ability of 35 strains of lactic acid bacteria was measured, and it was found that four lactic acid bacteria had high degradation ability to guanosine and inosine. Subsequently, the bacterial suspension, contents and metabolites of these four strains were used to the inhibition experiment of xanthine oxidase activity, and the strain with the highest inhibitory ability was selected for whole genome sequencing and safety verification. The experimental results showed that the degradation rates of guanosine and inosine by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus JY027 reached 80.27% and 87.33%, and the inhibition rates of the bacterial suspension, contents and metabolites of this strain on xanthine oxidase (XOD) were 85.71%, 78.34% and 84.05%, respectively. This indicated that the strain had strong potential uric acid-lowering ability. In addition, through the whole genome coding gene prediction of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus JY027, it was found that the strain has multiple genes related to uric acid metabolism. The safety of the strain was verified by indole, hemolysis and other experiments. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus JY027 for relieving hyperuricemia.
    2024,24(7):100-110, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.010
    Abstract:
    The objective of this study was to isolate and identify microorganisms capable of producing antimicrobial compounds from Northeast China soybean paste and to analyse their antimicrobial capacity. The results showed that a total of 44 strains with antibacterial activity were isolated, mainly Bacillus spp. Of these, Bacillus velezensis R2 was identified as capable of inhibiting the growth of six foodborne pathogenic bacteria, with a broad spectrum of bacterial inhibition. Additionally, non-ribosomal lipopeptides encoding bacillomycin D, fengycin, flagellin, iturin A, bacilysin, surfactin, and the protein class TasA were amplified from B. velezensis R2. The functional, phenotypic and safety-related characterization of B. velezensis R2 revealed that it was non-hemolytic, sensitive to 10 antibiotics, and possessed protease, amylase, cellulase, and pectinase activities. This study aims to provide a reference for the high-value utilization of low-salt fermentation microbial resources of sauces.
    2024,24(7):111-118, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.011
    Abstract:
    In this research, the effects of heating treatment conditions on LOX activity and conformation were studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), circular dichroism spectroscopy, surface hydrophobicity, fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking. The results showed that 120 ℃ 80 s+140 ℃ 15 s and 100 ℃ 10 min heating treatment could inhibit 67.47% and 60.53% of LOX activity. SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular mass of the enzyme did not change significantly with heating conditions, but the band strength decreased. Moreover, heating treatment caused the decrease in α-helix and β-sheet, and increased in fluorescence intensity and surface hydrophobicity, suggesting that the greatly changed secondary and tertiary structures of LOX lead to a rapid decline in LOX activity. Molecular docking determined that the microenvironment surrounding the non heme iron at the active center of LOX was susceptible to temperature changes. Therefore, it was speculated that high-temperature heating treatment may affect the LOX activity by destroying the non-covalent interaction force that maintains the structure of enzyme. High-temperature short-time elevated-temperature inactivation of LOX is an appropriate heating method. The findings could provide a theoretical reference for the widespread application of LOX activity control in soybean processing.
    2024,24(7):119-127, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.012
    Abstract:
    To investigate the influence of chlorogenic acid on the physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of soy protein under microwave conditions, microwave was used to analyze the changes in solubility, water holding capacity, emulsifying capacity, oil holding capacity, and foaming capacity of soy protein chlorogenic acid complexes (SPCA). The crystal structure was characterized and the particle morphology was observed. The results showed that the solubility, oil retention and foaming ability of soybean protein decreased to 290.55 μg/mL, 269.70% and 143.67% respectively, while the foam stability and emulsifying ability increased to 21.67% and 43.00% respectively when chlorogenic acid was added. The solubility, oil retention, foam stability and emulsification of SPCA can be increased to 368.00 μg/mL, 402.51%, 156.30% and 52.67%, while the water retention decreased to 432.88% after microwave treatment at 700 W for 5 min. The structural analysis of SPCA showed a decrease in diffraction peak intensity and crystallinity, with the appearance of new diffraction peaks and a significant reduction in particle size. The surface was rough and uneven, with the structure curling inward and significantly affected by microwave action. The conclusion is that microwave can offset the decrease in protein solubility and oil holding caused by the addition of polyphenols, and adding chlorogenic acid under microwave conditions can more effectively improve the foaming and emulsifying properties of soy protein.
    2024,24(7):128-137, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.013
    Abstract:
    In this study, myosin isolated from Nemipterus virgatus was added with 10% potato starch (PS)-ovalbumin (OVA) complex with different ratios to study the interactions between PS-OVA and myosin as well as their effects on the gel properties of myosin. The component interactions in the PS-OVA-myosin composite system were determined by particle size, zeta potential, sulfhydryl group, surface hydrophobicity and UV spectra, and the effect of PS-OVA-myosin interactions on myosin gel was further disclosed by rheological behavior, intermolecular forces, microstructure, etc. The results showed that after adding 10% PS-OVA complex, the UV absorbance, total sulfhydryl content and surface hydrophobicity of the PS-OVA-myosin composite system increased by 5.53%, 24.28% and 17.53%, respectively, and the net charge decreased by 40.75%, indicating that there were non-covalent and covalent interactions such as hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bond, and disulfide bond in PS-OVA-myosin composite system, which promoted the conformational change of myosin. Simultaneously, with the increase of PS and decrease of OVA in the exogenous compound, the gel strength, hardness, β-sheet content and storage modulus of the PS-OVA-myosin composite gel increased by 7.68%, 20.10%, 11.03% and 12.07%, respectively, and then decreased to 0.94%, 7.77%, 0.08% and 4.99%. When the ratio of PS-OVA was 3 ∶ 7, the composite system had the highest UV absorbance, the smallest net charge, and the largest particle size, sulfhydryl content, and surface hydrophobicity. The gel strength, hardness, and β-sheet content of the composite gel were the highest after heating when the ratio of PS-OVA was 3 ∶ 7, and the gel network was most compact and homogeneous. Conclusion: The PS-OVA complex with mass ratio of 3 ∶ 7 could promote the component interaction of the PS-OVA-myosin composite system, facilitate the aggregation and cross-linking of myosin through the interaction forces such as hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, etc., fill the myosin gel network, which further improve the gel properties of myosin.
    2024,24(7):138-146, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.014
    Abstract:
    In order to investigate the effect of (-)-epicatechin gallate (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% ) synergized with polysaccharide (1% inulin) on the characteristics of myosin, turbidity, particle size, zeta potential, solubility, active sulfhydryl group and dimeric tyrosine content were analyzed. The results showed that with the increase of mass fraction of (-)-epicatechin gallate, the turbidity and particle size showed a trend of decreasing and then increasing, while the zeta potential, solubility and active sulfhydryl groups content increased first and then decreased, the change trend of dimeric tyrosine was opposite. When 0.2% (-)-epicatechin gallate and 1% inulin were added, the turbidity and particle size were the smallest, and the particle size was reduced to 279 nm. The absolute values of potential, solubility, and active sulfhydryl group values were the hightest when 0.2% (-)-epicatechin gallate and 1% inulin were added. The absolute potential value and active sulfhydryl group were respectively 6.37 mV, 24.34 nmol/mg prot. The dimeric tyrosine contents were the lowest. Therefore, the synergistic effect of different concentrations of (-)-epicatechin gallate and 1% of inulin improved the physicochemical properties of myosin in Lateolabrax japonicus, providing a theoretical basis for the improvement of surimi gel properties, while the dimeric tyrosine indicated that it also increased the antioxidant properties of myosin.
    2024,24(7):147-156, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.015
    Abstract:
    Previous studies have shown that prolamin from cooked foxtail millet(PCFM) can effectively improve glucose metabolism disturbances in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The current study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which PCFM enhances glucose metabolism, focusing on liver transcriptomics. The results showed that, compared to the control group, the livers of mice treated with PCFM exhibited significant up-regulation of 1 758 differentially expressed genes and down-regulation of 198 genes. KEGG functional annotation analysis revealed that these genes were associated with pathways related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis highlighted the phosphoinositide-3 kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT) signaling pathway as the most significantly enriched pathway involved in glucose metabolism, with 27 genes up-regulated and one down-regulated after PCFM intervention. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the hypoglycemic effects of PCFM and provide a foundation for the development of functional foods targeting hypoglycemia.
    2024,24(7):157-171, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.016
    Abstract:
    Objective: To explore the effect of Kaihua Longding green tea water extract on intervening AMPK signaling pathway of liver hepatic steatosis and gut microbiota dysbiosis in high-fat diet mice. Methods: Detect the dynamic changes trend of main functional components of samples from each processing procedures in Kaihua Longding green tea. After acclimation feeding for 1 week, 30 mice were randomly divided into the following three groups: normal control group (NC), high-fat diet group (HF) and Longding green tea group (LD), and were continuously administrated (NC and HF were given normal saline, LD was given tea water extract (300 mg/kg bw) for 8 weeks. The changes of body weight, Lee's index, blood glucose levels, serum lipid, pathobiology in liver tissues, AMPK signaling pathway in liver and gut microbiota were measured. Results: During processing procedures, the main functional components of Kaihua Longding green tea undergone certain changes. Compared to the "Fresh leaves" sample, the contents of tea polyphenol, free amino acids, caffeine, and moisture in the "Drying" sample were respectively reduced by 7.90%, 6.20%, 0.47%, and 71.05 g/100 g, while the contents of soluble sugar and water extract were respectively increased by 0.01% and 0.10%. Compared to the HF group, the LD group exhibited a significant difference (P < 0.05) in body weight (26.67 g), Lee's index (3.13), area under the glucose curve (1 505.25 mmol·min/L), and serum biochemical indices such as total cholesterol (TC) (4.23 mmol/L), and total triglycerides (TG) (0.76 mmol/L), and also reduced the level of AMPK signaling pathway related genes and proteins of liver tissue in mice (P < 0.05). The results of gut microbiota analysis showed that Kaihua Longding green tea water extract decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B), and increased the growth of beneficial bacteria, including Rikenellaceae, Blautia and Alistipes. Conclusion: The effect of Kaihua Longding green tea water extract on intervening AMPK signaling pathway of liver hepatic steatosis and gut microbiota dysbiosis in high-fat diet mice was effective.
    2024,24(7):172-181, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.017
    Abstract:
    Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of aqueous extract of Thamnolia vermicularis Ach (TWA) on acute alcoholic liver injury (AALI) and its mechanism. Methods: The AALI model was induced by gavage of 56% alcohol at a dose of 12 mL/kg of the experiment. Its mechanisms were evaluated by weight loss, liver index, liver function, ability to metabolize alcohol, oxidative stress levels, inflammatory factors, changes in key protein expression and the effects on intestinal flora. Results: TWA significantly reduced the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), increased the level of ethanol dehydrogenase (ADH), improved liver function and accelerated ethanol metabolism in mice. TWA also increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) in serum and liver, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and reduced level of oxidative stress in the mouse caused by ethanol. In addition, TWA reduced the inflammatory response of the body by suppressing tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the liver and serum. TWA enhanced Nrf2 pathway function and inhibited NF-κB pathway activation, thereby inhibiting liver inflammation and improving the antioxidant stress effect in mice with acute alcoholic liver injury. Meanwhile, the expression of CYP2E1, a key protein of alcohol metabolism, was down-regulated to accelerate hepatic alcohol metabolism and reduce hepatic alcohol metabolic injury. TWA promoted the proliferation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and reduced the colony numbers of Enterococcus, E. coli and Peptococcus, so improved the intestinal environment. Conclusion: TWA could improve liver function and alcohol metabolism, enhance antioxidant capacity, reduce the level of inflammatory factors, inhibit the expression of key proteins of Nrf2/NF-κB pathway and maintain intestinal homeostasis, so improve AALI in mice.
    2024,24(7):182-192, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.018
    Abstract:
    Objective: To investigate the effects of the dietary bone supplement consisting of whey protein, leucine, calcium citrate and vitamin D3 on bone performance in low-calcium fed rats. Methods: 40 female SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, low-calcium model group, calcium carbonate group, calcium citrate + VD3 and supplement groups. After administration for 90 days, growth performance, femur biomechanical parameters and femur microstructure, calcium metabolism levels, bone formation and bone resorption markers, myocytic factor Irisin levels were detected. The relative mRNA expression of ALP, OC and key genes were detected by quantitative real-time polymenose chain reaction. Results: Compared with the normal group, the rats in low-calcium model group showed no significant changes in body weight and organ index (P>0.05),but a highly significant decrease in bone mineral density and maximum load (P<0.01). Compared with the low-calcium model group, the values of femoral bone density, maximum load (P<0.05, P<0.01) and the content of the bone formation markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) in serum were significantly increased in the other three groups, the bone dietary supplements not only significantly increased femoral length, femoral dry weight, maximum deflection and femoral dry weight (P<0.05, P<0.01), but also was superior to calcium citrate+VD3 and calcium carbonate in enhancing bone density, restoring bone microstructure and bone formation markers content (P<0.01). In addition, the bone dietary supplements effectively improved gastrocnemius muscle mass, hamstring rate or forelimb tension in low-calcium fed rats (P<0.05, P<0.01) and enhanced muscle biomechanical effects on bone, which also activated Wnt signaling pathway by increasing muscle secretion of Irisin, up-regulated mRNA expression of Runx2, ALP and OC, stimulated osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and enhanced bone formation and mineralization. Conclusion: Bone dietary supplements increased bone formation by activating the Wnt signaling pathway, inhibited bone mineral loss, and restored bone microstructure, increased bone mineral density and bone strength, and improved osteoporosis. This may be related to it improved muscle mass and Irisin secretion, enhanced the biomechanical effect of muscle on bone.
    2024,24(7):193-200, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.019
    Abstract:
    The anti-obesity effects of walnut meal enzymatic digests were investigated using a C57BL/6 mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and a differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocyte model. The accumulation of lipids in the adipocytes was identified through the use of oil red O fat staining. The levels of triglycerides (TG), glycerol (Gly), and free fatty acids (FFA) within the cells were quantified using a commercially available kit. The expression of genes involved in fat synthesis was determined through real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR RT-qPCR). The results demonstrated that the enzymatic digestion of walnut meal markedly diminished the accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes, notably reduced the TG and FFA content in adipocytes, and enhanced the Gly content in the cell supernatant. Concurrently, the enzymatic digestion of walnut meal significantly diminished the mRNA expression levels of adipose synthesis-related genes. The levels of free fatty acids (FFA) decreased by 40.14% and 39.50%, respectively, while the level of glycine increased by 35.12%. Additionally, the expression levels of mRNA for genes PPAR-γ and C/EBPα in adipocytes were found to be decreased by 31.42% and 55.25%, respectively, when the mass concentration of the enzymatic digest of walnut meal reached 50 μg/mL. Furthermore, the enzymatic digest of walnut meal was observed to significantly reduce body mass, adipose tissue mass and food intake in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The study demonstrated that the enzymatic digest of walnut meal inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and its mechanism of action was related to the inhibition of the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis. Additionally, it was found to inhibit lipid accumulation in HFD.
    2024,24(7):201-207, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.020
    Abstract:
    The objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of oyster peptide in alleviating alcoholic liver injury and reducing physical fatigue. The molecular weight and amino acid content were determined by liquid chromatography, respectively, and the alleviation effect of oyster peptide on mice alcoholic liver injury and physical fatigue was studied in vivo, set up three doses: low dose group (0.25 g/kg bw), medium dose group (0.5 g/kg bw) and high dose group (1.0 g/kg bw), and the corresponding control group. The results showed that the molecular weight of oyster peptide was 85% less than 1 500 u. The total amount of amino acid is 58.44 g/100 g. The in vivo findings demonstrated that the levels of MDA and TG in the livers of mice fed with three different doses of oyster peptide were significantly decreased compared to the model group. Additionally, the levels of GSH were significantly increased compared to the model group. The results of pathological sections of liver tissues suggested that, the pathological liver damage of the high-dose group was alleviated in varying degrees. In the experiments of relieving mice physical fatigue, the swimming time of the middle and high dose groups was significantly increased, and the contents of blood lactic acid and serum urea of the three dose groups were significantly decreased compared with the control group. Collectively, the oyster peptide have small molecular weights and high content of amino, which also have effects on relieving alcoholic liver injury and physical fatigue.
    2024,24(7):208-218, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.021
    Abstract:
    Objective: To achieve the simultaneous utilization of glucose-xylose in the fermentative production of L-lactic acid by Escherichia coli. Methods: E.coli JH16 (E.coli B,△frdBC△pflB△ackA△adhE,ldhA::ldhL), an engineered L-lactic acid productive stain was chosen as start strain, and the xylose transport and metabolism relevant genes xylFGH, xylE, xylA were knocked out by Red homologous recombination to get an xylose utilization deficient strain, E.coli JH16031. The glucose transport and metabolism relevant genes crr, malX, galP were also knocked out from E.coli JH2705(E.coli JH16, △ptsG△mglB) to get a glucose utilization deficient strain, E.coli JH27071. The two resulting strains were co-cultured to form an E.coli synthetic microbial community. Shake flasks and 5 L fermenter experiments were carried out to optimize the inoculum ratio of the two strains of this synthetic microbial community for mixed sugar fermentation. Results: When using 60 g/L glucose and 40 g/L xylose for fermentation, with an initial inoculum ratio of 1∶50 between JH16031 and JH27071, initial OD600nm=0.5, the community has the the highest efficiency for sugar utilization, consuming 97% of total sugars in 84 h and ending the fermentation in 96 h. The L-lactic acid yield reaches 92 g/L, and sugar-acid conversion rate is 91%, with glucose consumption rate as 705 mg/(L·h), xylose consumption rate as 435 mg/(L·h), L-lactic acid productivity as 951 mg/(L·h). Conclusion: The constructed E.coli synthetic microbial community enables the simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose for L-lactic acid fermentative production with mixed sugars as carbon sources, which may benefits the usage of low-cost lignocellulose in industrial fermentative process with improved sugar utilization efficiency.
    2024,24(7):219-228, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.022
    Abstract:
    It is proposed to establish a synthetic route of pyruvate obtained from malic acid by whole cell biotransformation using Escherichia coli. With Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) as the host, endogenous malice enzyme (ME) and aldose reductase (AR) from Candida boidinii were co-overexpressed on pET28a, and catalytic key factors such as cell concentration, substrate concentration, temperature and pH were investigated. Activities of malic enzyme from Escherichia coli and aldose reductase from Candida boidinii were (2.8±0.21), (3.1±0.34) U/mL respectively. The suitable catalytic conditions were as follows, the cell concentration of bacterial OD600nm value was 30, the mass concentration of substrate malic acid was 30 g/L, the molar ratio of xylose to malic acid was 1.0, temperature was 40 °C, the pH value of the reaction system was 7.8, pyruvate yield was up to 23.16 g/L. This study provides a new method for the biological production of pyruvate.
    2024,24(7):229-240, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.023
    Abstract:
    This paper's main aim has been to prepare an polypeptide-calcium-zinc chelate from coix seed and to investigate its structure. Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus thermophilus were used for fermentation of coix seed (CS). Polypeptide from coix seed (CSP) was separated and purified by gel filtration chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The molecular weight of CSP was detected by Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (Tricine-SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis. Taking the chelation rate of zinc and calcium as indicators, single factor and response surface methodology were used to determine optimum preparation conditions of coix seed polypeptide-calcium-zinc (CSP-Ca-Zn) chelate. Ultraviolet spectra, fourier infrared and fluorescent light spectra were applied to predict the structure of CSP-Ca-Zn. The results showed that four components were separated by Sephadex G-15. Among them, A3 showed the highest the chelating capacity of calcium and zinc. A3 was separated by RP-HPLC. The purity of CSP was as high as 93.91%, and its molecular mass was around 7.8 ku. The optimal chelate conditions were determined as follows: mass ratio of CSP to Ca-Zn 4.4∶1, mass ratio of calcium to zinc 1∶1, and pH 3.7. Under these conditions, the chelation rates of zinc and calcium were 52.63% and 63.79%, respectively. The principal binding sites of CSP with calcium and zinc were amino nitrogen and carboxylic acid group, and its spatial structure was also changed. This optimal chelate conditions could obtain CSP-Ca-Zn, which has provided technical reference for the development of new products of coix seed peptide and a new idea for food-borne organic calcium and zinc supplements.
    2024,24(7):241-251, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.024
    Abstract:
    Utilizing Cyperus esculentus meal as raw material, soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was extracted from it using a composite enzyme method (α-amylase, glucoamylase and trypsin). The SDF was enzymatically modified by cellulase, and the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of cellulase (enzyme addition amount, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature, enzymatic hydrolysis time, enzymatic hydrolysis pH value) were optimized. The content, physicochemical properties, structural characteristics and antioxidant capacity of SDF before and after modification were compared. The results showed that the optimum conditions for cellulase modification were as follows: pH 6.5, hydrolysis temperature 40 ℃, enzyme addition 0.9%, hydrolysis time 2.5 h, SDF content increased from 3.55% to 10.86%. By observing the ultrastructure, it was found that the modification changed the fiber structure, weakened the diffraction peak intensity, improved its structural characteristics, and improved the microstructure characteristics. In addition, cellulase modification increased the water holding capacity, swelling capacity and oil holding capacity of Cyperus esculentus meal SDF by 54.58%, 43.73% and 38.40%, respectively. When the mass concentration of SDF was in the range of 0.5-5 mg/mL, the scavenging ability of modified SDF on 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical, hydroxyl radical (·OH) was significantly improved. The highest values were 42.87%, 44.05% and 41.46%, and the ability to reduce Fe3+ increased by 1.25 times at 5 mg/mL. This study provides a reference for further improving the development value of Cyperus esculentus meal and its application in human food and pharmaceutical industry.
    2024,24(7):252-260, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.025
    Abstract:
    In order to clarify the effects of different germination treatment time on the structure and characteristics of zein in corn grains, this paper took zein in corn grains with different germination treatment time as the research object. Fourier infrared diffraction, X-ray diffraction, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, differential thermal scanning, free sulfhydryl group and disulfide bond were used to analyze the secondary structure, crystallinity, sulfhydryl group, disulfide bond, thermal properties and emulsification properties of zein during germination. The results showed that the secondary structure α-helix and β-corner structure of zein after germination were decreased by 8.05% and 9.08%, respectively, while the β-fold content was increased by 4%-23%. Meanwhile, the disulfide bond was broken after germination, and the content of free sulfides was significantly increased (P<0.05). The molecular weight of proteins also changed after germination. The bands of high molecular weight proteins migrated downward, while the content of low molecular weight proteins migrated upward and decreased. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystallinity of zein changed after germination, and the peak at 9° tended to be gentle at the later stage of germination. The DSC results showed that the denaturation temperature of zein was increased by 6.43 ℃ on average. The emulsification and emulsification stability of the germinated zein were improved, and the emulsification index was increased by 10.53 m2/g at 72 h of germination, and the emulsification stability index was increased by 81.36 min at 60 h of germination compared with that at no germination. The results showed that proper germination treatment could modify the structure of zein and improve its physicochemical properties.
    2024,24(7):261-268, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.026
    Abstract:
    Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of rice and brown rice germination on the cadmium content of parboiled rice, and optimize the technological conditions, so as to provide technical reference for reducing the cadmium content of parboiled rice. Methods: Xiangzaoxian 24 rice was used as the experimental material, three treatments of soaking without germination, soaking germination, soaking germination + secondary soaking were set up. The effects of soaking, germination and secondary soaking on the cadmium content of parboiled rice and brown rice were analyzed and compared. The single factor optimization and orthogonal experiments of citric acid concentration, soaking time and soaking temperature were carried out for the germination process of brown rice with good effect of reducing cadmium content. Results: The effect of reducing cadmium content of brown rice sprouting steamed rice was better than that of rice germinating. After optimizing the secondary soaking process of brown rice germination, the optimum process was obtained as follows: citric acid concentration 0.15 mol/L, soaking time 24 hours, soaking temperature 35 ℃. Conclusions: Germination could reduce the binding ability of cadmium and protein, and the cadmium content decreased significantly after secondary soaking. Compared with rice germination treatment, the cadmium content of brown rice parboiled rice was lower. The optimum combination of cadmium content of brown rice was 56.34%.
    2024,24(7):269-277, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.027
    Abstract:
    The effect of frying on the flavor characteristics and dough properties of oat flour was studied. Oat flour was categorized into raw oat flour, semi-cooked oat flour and cooked oat flour according to the degree of frying. The flavor components were determined by electronic nose, and principal component analysis was used to comprehensively determine the flavor characteristics of oat doughs with different treatments, and to study the physicochemical properties of oat doughs under different frying degrees and temperatures of dough water. The results showed that the content of straight-chain starch of oat flour increased significantly(P<0.05) with the increase of frying degree, and the solubility and swelling degree showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing with the prolongation of time; the onset temperature of oat flour after frying was reduced to 60.07 ℃, and the peak temperature and enthalpy value decreased gradually, and frying did not change the crystalline structure of the oat starch. Scanning electron micrographs showed more depressions on the surface of starch granules of cooked oat flour, and the dough cohesion increased with the increase of the temperature of the mixing water. Aldehydes and alkane aromatic components increased significantly in the fried samples and in the doughs prepared with hot water at 100 ℃. The results showed that the doughs were more aromatic than the fried samples, and the aldehydes and alkanes increased significantly in the fried samples. The study showed that the fried oat flour had the best processing performance, the best dough flavor and the best dough physicochemical properties.
    2024,24(7):278-285, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.028
    Abstract:
    It was difficult to remove bones from chicken feet by mechanization. The reason for this result was that the peeling characteristics were not clear and the geometric shape was irregular during the processing. Firstly, the digital model and reference coordinate system of chicken feet and tarsometatarsal bones with statistical significance were established in the paper. Under this coordinate system, the peel strength of chicken feet in all directions and the corresponding peel residue rate were determined, and the factors affecting the peel strength were analyzed, with the peel strength as the measurement index. The results show that the overall trend of axial peel strength curve is U-shaped, and the maximum peel strength is 3.23 kN/m. The circumferential peel strength curve is mostly zigzag at the top of tarsometatarsal bone, and the maximum peel strength is 5.12 kN/m. The extraosseous tissue shows the characteristics of layering, and there is delamination phenomenon during the peeling. The biological structure and composition at different interfaces of tarsometatarsal bone have different effects on the interface peeling strength. The peeling strength at the metatarsal groove is the lowest. The layered characteristics of the extraosseous tissue at the trochlear notch do not affect the peeling strength, and it is isotropic in the orthogonal direction. There is obvious anisotropy in the peeling strength at the ligament ridge and cup shaped concave. Axial peeling strength and peeling residual rate are better than circumferential peeling, which indicates that axial peeling is the best choice in actual chicken feet peeling.
    2024,24(7):286-296, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.029
    Abstract:
    Dry ice spraying is used for quick freezing of diced mango, and the effects of different arrangements, hole ratios, hole shapes, and diameters of material tray holes on the cooling rate and freezing uniformity of diced mango are studied. Use Comsol Multiphysics to simulate the central temperature distribution and time required for diced mango to reach freezing requirements under different conditions. The results showed that the material tray with a fork arrangement, a hole opening rate of 42%, a circular hole shape, and a hole diameter of 3 mm had the best quick freezing effect. According to the verification experiment, the errors of the center temperature and surface temperature of diced mango reaching the requirements for quick freezing are 5.3% and 7.5%, respectively. In terms of freezing uniformity, the error of the average temperature difference is 8.3%. After thawing, the texture characteristics of diced mango were determined to show a significant decrease in hardness and chewiness, while the decrease in chromaticity, cohesiveness, and elasticity was relatively small, meeting the quality requirements of frozen mangoes. The research results provide reference for further development of energy-saving and environmentally friendly dry ice frozen diced mango equipment.
    2024,24(7):297-307, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.030
    Abstract:
    In order to investigate the effect of pulse ultrasonic (PU) duration on the physicochemical properties of jujube slices and the characteristics of ultrasonic liquid, Huizao was selected as the test materials. Huizao slices were treated by PU with different durations (15, 30, 60 s) for 5 h, which were sampled and analyzed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 h, respectively. The color, water status, texture and microstructure of Huizao slices were measured, as well as the total soluble solids (TSS), color, turbidity and conductivity of ultrasonic solution. Results showed that with the increasing in PU time, free water instead of bond water was considered as the most important water for Huizao slice. Huizao was expanded by water adsorption, with a significant increase trend in L (42.88 to 50.71) and ?AE (3.69 to 9.85) and a remarkably decrease in a (19.88 to 14.70) and b(22.39 to 19.03). The microchannel was produced by the PU, with the increase in processing cycles and pulsed duration, the microchannel became bigger and more, accompanied with the decreased chewiness, springiness and resilience. It was found that in the initial phase (1-2 h) the color (AE: 0-26.69), total soluble solids (TSS, 0-6.1 °Brix), conductivity (0-257.54 μs/cm) and turbidity (0-8.81 NTU) gradually decreased because of the fast mass transfer resulted from the PU with long duration (30 s and 60 s). In the later phase(3-5 h), the most obvious changes were shown in 15 s group. At the end, all the L values were 100, while a vales and b values were approached to the initial phase of ultrasonic solution. Along with the transfer balance, the TSS in the 30 s and 60 s group was 0 °Brix. Therefore, the degree of mass transfer could be evaluated by the changes in characteristics of Huizao slices and ultrasonic solution, which could adapt to different needs in the food industry.
    2024,24(7):308-320, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.031
    Abstract:
    The characteristics of raw material glutinous rice are very important for the frozen rice dumpling's quality. To investigate the influence of the powder characteristics of different varieties of glutinous rice on the quality of frozen rice dumplings produced by a new wet process. In this paper, eight kinds of glutinous rice were selected and their basic components, pasting characteristics and thermodynamic properties were determined, and the quality indexes of the wet quick-frozen rice dumplings were also determined. The relationship between the characteristics of glutinous rice flour and the quality of wet quick-frozen rice dumplings was systematically studied using principal component and correlation analysis. The results showed that for the principal component analysis, the first principal component, which reflects the pasting characteristics of glutinous rice flour and the textural characteristics and moisture distribution of rice dumplings, plays an important role in the evaluation and selection of glutinous rice flour; for the correlation analysis, the pasting temperature and hardness were significantly and positively correlated, and the paste temperature, peak viscosity, final viscosity, and reversibility were significantly and positively correlated; glutinous rice flour containing more than 0.8% fat, the swelling power index is between 10.53 g/g and 12.65 g/g, the water solubility index is between 16.33% and 19.77%, and the pasting temperature is between 71.00 ℃ and 72.97 ℃. Glutinous rice varieties with peak viscosity between 1 892 cp and 2 124.33 cp, a breakdown value between 834.00 cp and 880.67 cp, and a setback value between 240.33 cp and 248.67 cp are more suitable for making wet dumplings. On the whole, among the eight varieties, the wet quick-frozen rice dumplings made from Vietnamese glutinous rice and the Northeast glutinous rice were more stable in quality and had a more desirable taste. The findings of the study can provide some theoretical reference for the selection of glutinous rice flour in the production of the new process of wet quick-frozen rice dumplings.
    2024,24(7):321-331, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.032
    Abstract:
    In this study, ACE inhibitory peptides were isolated and purified by ultrafiltration and strong anion exchange chromatography, and their peptide sequences were identified by LC-MS/MS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, enzyme reaction inhibitor kinetics, MTT assay and molecular docking technology were used to analyze the secondary structure characteristics, in vitro activity and binding mechanism with ACE. The results showed that the activity of < 3 ku ultrafiltration fraction was better (IC50 value: 0.380 mg/mL), and the activity of F-a fraction was the best (IC50 value: 0.159 mg/mL) after ion exchange chromatography. Four peptide sequences were identified by LC-MS/MS, and bioinformatics analysis further confirmed that the peptide PGDVF was a potential ACE inhibitory peptide with an IC50 value of (0.56 ± 0.1) mmol/L. the secondary structure analysis showed that PGDVF was composed of α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn and random coil, and its inhibition model may be mixed. The peptide concentration less than 1 mg/mL was basically non-toxic to HepG-2 cells. Molecular docking showed that PGDVF could be closely combined with ACE enzyme through hydrogen bond and hydrophobic force, thus effectively inhibiting ACE activity. In summary, this study can provide reference for the development and utilization of Prinsepia utilis decompression peptide.
    2024,24(7):332-341, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.033
    Abstract:
    In order to improve the added value of camellia seed cake, camellia seed cake protein was hydrolyzed with complex protease, the hydrolysates were purified by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography, and the peptides with high antioxidant activity were obtained by LC-MS/MS sequence identification combined with PeptideRanker database screening. The effects of different temperature, pH, metal ions and in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the activity of antioxidant peptides were explored. The results showed that four components (F1-F4) were obtained by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G-25 gel, the fraction F4 had the highest activity with ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging rates of (67.56±0.32) % and (52.40±1.64) %, respectively. Three antioxidant peptides LCDQCPPHA (LC-9), ATNPPCCQP (AT-9), and TSCSSPSYPFQ (TS-11) with high activity were obtained after amino acid sequence identification, PeptideRanker prediction and activity verification. AT-9 and LC-9 exhibited good thermal stability, and their ABTS and DPPH scavenging activities do not change significantly in the range of pH 3-9. Among the five metal ions, Cu2+ had the most significant effect on the antioxidant activity of three peptides. When Cu2+ concentration was 2 mmol/L, the ABTS and DPPH scavenging activity retention rates of LC-9 were (23.47±0.61)% and (44.57±0.58)%, respectively. In addition, AT-9 showed the highest retention of antioxidant activity after simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, the ABTS and DPPH scavenging activity retention rates were higher than 90%. In summary, among the three antioxidant peptides, AT-9 showed high activity and stability, which can be applied in the field of food.
    2024,24(7):342-350, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.034
    Abstract:
    Objective: Cow's milk allergy(CMA) is the most common type of food allergy in infants and young children. Infants with milk allergy need to use low-allergenic hydrolyzed cow milk protein formula for the prevention and management. Although protein allergen levels can be reduced through enzymatic hydrolysis, depending on the type of enzymes used and the various filtering methods, residual antigenic epitopes can still cause food allergies. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to develop a quick and accurate method to assess the immunoreactivity of hydrolyzed cow's milk protein infant formula powder. Methods: Firstly, a direct dot-immunobinding blot assay was used to gauge the samples' immunoreactivity with serum samples from allergic children. Subsequently, an indirect competitive dot-immunobinding blot assay was utilized, using commercially available unhydrolyzed whole protein milk powder as a positive control and other milk product samples as competitive antigens, to evaluate the binding capacity of hydrolyzed milk protein infant powder to serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). Finally, direct, and indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were also used to validate and confirm the results. Results: The study's findings demonstrated that partially hydrolyzed formula can still bind IgE to induce allergic reactions, while extensively hydrolyzed formula is not immunoreactive. This study provides a new approach for the preliminarily evaluation of the allergenicity of milk protein products using limited serum samples from infants and young children with allergies.
    2024,24(7):351-363, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.035
    Abstract:
    Exopolysaccharides, as a kind of important surface molecule of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), have attracted much attention in various fields. Their biosynthesis is mainly regulated by EPS biosynthesis gene clusters. Different L. plantarum strains have different EPS biosynthesis gene clusters, and the resulting exopolysaccharides exhibit different composition and structure. These exopolysaccharides affect the interaction between microbial hosts in a strain specific manner, thus showing good biological functions such as anti-oxidation, anti-tumor and immune regulation. This article summarized the basic characteristics of exopolysaccharides of L. plantarum and reviewed the synthesis and biological functions of exopolysaccharides of L. plantarum, with a view to providing research ideas for analyzing the relationship between genetic information, physicochemical characteristics and physiological functions of the exopolysaccharides biosynthesis and clarifying the mode of probiotic effect of L. plantarum.
    2024,24(7):364-376, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.036
    Abstract:
    Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicle complex secreted by animal and plant cells, and exert a variety of physiological activities due to rich in multiple active components, such as lipids, proteins and RNA. Inflammation is a kind of immune response caused by the external stimulation, and chronic inflammation occurs when the balance of pro-inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory factors is disrupted. Studies have shown that exosome-like nanovesicles (ELNs) in plant-derived EVs and milk-derived EVs contain different kinds of active components, which can delay the progression of inflammatory response and the occurrence of inflammation related diseases by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory factors and immune cytokines. Accordingly, the extraction and characterization methods of plant-derived ELNs and milk-derived EVs were summarized in this review. Importantly, their roles in regulation of inflammation from the aspects of inhibition of NF-κB pathway, oxidative stress and related MAPK pathway conduction, regulation of intestinal microbial composition and intestinal stem cell growth, and controlling of macrophage growth were explored. The review will provide reference for further exploring the biological activities of plant-derived ELNs and milk-derived EVs.
    2024,24(7):377-400, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.037
    Abstract:
    Pea protein, a plant-based protein sourced from Pisum sativum, is distinguished by its high safety, nutritional efficacy, and cost advantages. This protein type has been the subject of growing interest due to its favorable nutritional profile and affordability, making it a viable alternative for a broad consumer base, including those following vegetarian or vegan dietary practices. In recent years, the field of bioactive peptide research has witnessed a surge in the exploration of peptides with biological activities derived from pea protein. The development and investigation of these peptides are of significant importance, as they not only represent a high-value application of plant proteins but also contribute positively to human health maintenance. This review delves into the bioactivity and mechanism of action of pea peptides, with a specific focus on the effects observed both in vivo and ex vivo, as well as the associated regulatory mechanisms and key signaling pathways. The documented bioactivities of pea peptides include, but are not limited to, antioxidant capabilities, auxiliary blood pressure reduction, glycemic control, antimicrobial properties, immunomodulatory effects, anti-tumor potential, intestinal flora regulation, and the promotion of probiotic growth. Furthermore, this review anticipates and proposes future research directions for pea peptides, aiming to offer a framework that guides the deeper investigation and holistic application of these bioactive peptides in nutritional science and public health.
    2024,24(7):401-413, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.039
    Abstract:
    Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan. After HA was approved to become a ‘new food ingredient’ in 2021, it provoked the widespread interest from both food researchers and industrial field. However, in recent years, more and more research has shown that the biological activity of HA can haveeffecton pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory aswellas pro-proliferation or anti-proliferation according to its different molecular weight. Therefore, in order to efficiently and accurately improve the application value of HA in food health industry, it is necessary to comprehensively conclude and summarize the study progress of HA in food science and technology, according to its differences in molecular weight. In views of this idea, this paper, based on the overview of developing progress of HA application, focuses on preparation, cell activity and absorptionof HA with different molecular weights. And it describes the modulatory effect of HA towards intestinal tract from two dimensions, which are homeostasis maintenance and inflammation regulation, aiming to fully explore the potential of HA in the field of nutrition and health industry.
    2024,24(7):414-424, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.040
    Abstract:
    DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, has many physiological functions, such as promoting brain growth and development, preventing cardiovascular diseases and participating in immune regulation. However, it is extremely unstable and easily affected by light, heat, water, CO2 and other factors, leading to its oxidation and deterioration. There are many studies on the steady delivery technology of algae oil DHA at home and abroad. Microcapsule technology is one of the more mature methods. It is widely used and can effectively enhance the delivery capacity, storage stability, and bioavailability of algae oil DHA. In this paper, the source, physical and chemical properties, biological activity and delivery system of algae oil DHA were summarized, and the steady-state targeted delivery technology of algae oil DHA microcapsules was emphatically discussed, including the preparation method, delivery system, delivery mechanism and influencing factors of algae oil DHA microcapsules, to provide some theoretical basis and reference for broadening the application range of algae oil DHA in food field.
    2024,24(7):425-437, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.041
    Abstract:
    Heat-resistant protease secreted by psychrophilic bacteria can reduce the quality of dairy products and has attracted extensive attention. The protease secreted by psychrophiles is heat resistant and can even retain partial activity after UHT treatment. The common exogenous thermostable protease in raw milk is the extracellular protease AprX secreted by Pseudomonas, so a comprehensive understanding of the biological properties, proteolytic potential and regulation of the protease AprX will help to find ways to control psychrophilic protease. In this paper, the latest research progress and control methods of protease AprX are reviewed, and new ideas for the control of protease AprX are provided.
    2024,24(7):438-438, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.042
    Abstract:
    Oxidation is a key factor influencing the quality of meat and its processing performance. It mainly comes from lipid oxidation and protein oxidation, which occurs in the ripening of fresh meat after slaughter and during meat processing and storage. The effects of lipid oxidation and protein oxidation on meat quality in recent years were reviewed in this paper. This paper not only analyzes the internal mechanism of the oxidation of lipid and protein in meat, but also expounds the various factors that cause the oxidation of lipid and protein. The effects of lipid oxidation on meat color, flavor, nutritional value and other qualities and the effects of protein oxidation on meat color, texture, water holding capacity, flavor, nutritional value, digestibility, and other qualities are also analyzed in detail. In addition, the control measures to reduce meat oxidation were put forward. These are hoped to provide theoretical reference for improving meat quality.
    2024,24(7):438-449, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.038
    Abstract:
    Whole grain foods are known to be beneficial to health, however, the factors including poor processing characteristics and sensory attributes, limit industry development of whole grain. At present, several physical treatments have been shown to improve the processing and edible characteristics of whole grain. However, there are still technical limitations in the improvement of flavor quality and retention of nutritional components of whole grains. In this background, extensive research has shown that bioprocessing technologies can modified the molecular structure, physical and chemical properties of whole grains by exogenous and endogenous enzyme. These changes can markedly elevate nutrient content and bioavailability of whole grains, and improve sensory attributes of whole grains foods. Bioprocessing involves fermentation, sprouting, enzymatic hydrolysis and other technologies, which is regarded as a major modification mean of whole grain processing in the future. This article aimed to comprehensively review the applications of bioprocessing technologies in whole grains. The application of fermentation, sprouting and enzymatic hydrolysis, which were mainly used in whole grain processing, were introduced in this paper. The advantages of three bioprocessing technologies in improving the nutritional efficacy, sensory attributes and reducing anti-nutritional factors of whole grains were discussed. Furthermore, future perspectives in whole grain bioprocessing technologies and product development are discussed. The study can provide references for the future development of whole grain industry in China.
    2024,24(7):450-459, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.043
    Abstract:
    As the main phenolic acid in tea-leaves, gallic acid all showed increasing trends during pile-fermentation, anaerobic fermentation and aging storage, and had closely connection with the hydrolyzation of ester catechins. Due to the secreted extracellular enzymes, such as tannase, Aspergillus niger, Eurotium cristatum, Aspergillus fumigatu, Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus pallidofulvus promoted the biosynthesis of gallic acid during the inoculated fermentation. Additionally, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum both could secrete tannase to enhance gallic acid content in the submerged fermentation. This article reviewed the lasted literature at home and abroad to explore the impacts of microorganisms and released extra-cellular enzymes on gallic acid metabolism. This paper summarized the research progress about gallic acid metabolism during tea-leaves microbial fermentation, and elaborated the biosynthesis mechanism and health efficacy of gallic acid, which would contribute to the research about the regulation mechanism of gallic acid metabolism under effects of microorganisms.
    2024,24(7):460-470, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2024.07.044
    Abstract:
    Since scientists began to explore the relationship between gut microbiota and human health in the 19th century, and with the introduction of new concepts such as the ‘gut-brain axis’ and ‘gut-X axis’ in recent years, the impact of gut microbiota on human health has been an undisputed fact. However, the composition of human gut microbiota is subject to geographic and individual variability, making it susceptible to the influence of extrinsic factors (such as diet, medications, and exercise) and intrinsic factors (such as race, age, and blood type). Therefore, there is no universally accepted definition of ‘healthy human gut microbiota’ both domestically and internationally. Studies have shown that cornerstone species in the healthy human gut play a significant role in the species diversity and functional diversity of gut microbiota, while the imbalance in gut microbiota will cause a series of health problems, which can be regulated by improving the dietary nutritional structure, lifestyle, and supplementing probiotics and prebiotics. Based on scientific literature both domestically and internationally, and through research and analysis of the main factors affecting the gut microbiota, this paper summarizes the main characteristics of the human gut microbiota and establishes a consensus, aiming to provide a reference for the further exploration of ‘healthy gut microbiota’ and the development of related technologies and industries.
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    2022,22(10):87-96, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.10.010
    [Abstract] (270) [HTML] (291) [PDF 1.78 M] (3209)
    Abstract:
    In recent years, the lack of basic data on the correlation between food texture and oral processing ability, which restricts the development and manufacture of food with good taste and matching with the oral processing ability of the elderly population, has aroused people's interest in the research of soft materials, especially food gel breakage behavior. By analyzing the variation law of the complete stress-strain curve of the composite gel with different mass concentration, the relationship between fracture stress, fracture strain, young modulus and specific perceptible texture characteristics was explored, and a regression equation model between texture characteristics and compression parameters was established, and a chewing experiment based on the biomimetic mastication platform was carried out. The number of fragments and the maximum masticatory force after chewing were analyzed, and the viscoelastic constitutive model of the gel was established. The results showed that the fracture stress and fracture strain had great influence on the breakage behavior of food gel, and the gel with lower fracture stress and lower fracture strain value was more easily decomposed into a large number of debris, and the specific compression parameters had a significant effect on the gel texture parameters. These results are of great significance for developing gel food materials for the elderly.
    2022,22(2):357-368, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.02.038
    [Abstract] (726) [HTML] (877) [PDF 1.23 M] (1639)
    Abstract:
    Flavonoids are a kind of polyphenolic compounds with 2-phenyl flavone structure, which are widely found in fruits, vegetables and tea leaves, and have the functions of anti-oxidation, reducing blood lipids, regulating blood glucose and inhibiting inflammation. Numerous studies have corroborated that the metabolic absorption and physiological function of flavonoids in vivo are closely related to gut microbiota. In this paper, we elucidated the interaction between flavonoids and gut microbiota from the structure and function of gut microbiota, types and products of microorganisms involved in metabolism, types and activities of metabolic enzymes and other aspects, summarized the mechanism of flavonoids in preventing obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease by regulating gut microbiota, so as to provide theoretical basis for the application of flavonoids in functional foods.
    2022,22(1):1-11, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.01.001
    [Abstract] (1021) [HTML] (916) [PDF 2.61 M] (1397)
    Abstract:
    Food is a kind of multiphase and multicomponent complex system,and its component structure directly determines its quality function.With the in-depth understanding of the multi-scale structure changes of characteristic components in food processing and the in-depth intersection and integration of physics,chemistry,biology and material science,the multi-scale structure changes and quality function regulation of food also present a new direction and trend.In this paper,the basic concept,connotation and denotation of multi-scale structure of food were firstly proposed,and the research status and latest progress of multi-scale structure change and quality function of food were summarized,aiming to enrich the basic theoretical system of food structure-activity relationship and provide theoretical basis and technical approach for precise control of quality function in food processing.
    2022,22(1):21-30, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.01.003
    [Abstract] (732) [HTML] (847) [PDF 1.36 M] (1354)
    Abstract:
    Objective:Lactobacillus plantarum RX-8 was isolated from Chinese traditional pickles and shown to produce plantaricin EF,a genetically characterized inducible class IIb bacteriocin.It has broad spectrum antibacterial ability,good processing application characteristics and great potential application as a natural food biological preservative.However,plantaricin EF encounter various limits both in industrial fermentation and application because of its low synthesis.This work aimed at showing the effect of exogenous microorganisms act as an environmental stimulus activating plantaricin EF production by Lactobacillus plantarum RX-8.Method:Based on the existing conventional pure culture conditions and the main influencing factors of bacteriocin production by strain RX-8,two pure culture model systems with low and no bacteriocin production were established.Aliquots of the 16 strains from different fermented food sources were added to fresh MRS broth containing Ca.108 CFU/mL of an overnight culture of Lactobacillus plantarum RX-8.By comparing the bacteriocin antibacterial activity in co-culture and pure culture,the best co-culture induced strains and their conditions were screened and determined.To study the specific types of induction,the inducing activity of different treatments with living-cells and supernatants were tested.Results:When Bacillus subtilis BS-15 from grain vinegar was co-cultured with the strain RX-8,it showed significant induction ability (P<0.01).The best bacteriocin production was induced by co-cultivation as follows:the optimal inoculation ratio of Bacillus subtilis BS-15 and Lactobacillus plantarum RX-8 was 10:1,and the inoculation concentration was 108 CFU/mL and 107 CFU/mL respectively.It was speculated that the induction was caused by the protein substances secreted by Bacillus subtilis BS-15.Conclusion:Taken together,the results suggest that the presence of specific microorganisms act as environmental stimulus activating plantaricin EF production.Microbial co-cultivation can be used as an important technical means to increase the production of lactic acid bacteria.
    2022,22(1):67-77, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.01.008
    [Abstract] (536) [HTML] (839) [PDF 1.56 M] (1317)
    Abstract:
    In this study,with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) as control strain,probiotic probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum BF_15,isolated from breast milk infant,was used as the research object to evaluate its antioxidant activity in vitro,safety and alleviation of the DSS-induced oxidative damage in the colon of mice.The results show that the test strain Lactobacillus plantarum BF_15 could tolerate high concentrations of H2O2 (3.5 mmol/L).In the fermentation supernatant,the scavenging ability of strain BF_15 on DPPH was lower than that of the control strain LGG (P<0.01);the scavenging ability of oOH was higher than LGG (P<0.05);the scavenging ability of ·O2- was higher than LGG (P>0.05);anti-lipid peroxidation ability was lower than LGG (P<0.01).In the bacterial suspension,the scavenging ability of strain BF_15 on DPPH and ·O2- was higher than that of the control strain LGG (P>0.05);the scavenging ability on ·OH was higher than LGG (P<0.01);the anti-lipid peroxidation ability was lower than LGG (P<0.01).Meanwhile,Neither the test strain BF_15 nor the control strain LGG produced harmful metabolites (bioamine,nitrite,indole),and had hemolytic properties.In animal experiments,the strain BF_15 could reduce the degree of intestinal mucosal damage and inflammatory cell infiltration,increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.01),and reduce the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.01) through early intragastric administration,which effectively alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced oxidative damage in the colon of mice;its effect was equivalent to that of the control strain LGG (P>0.05).This study provided a scientific basis for the development and application of probiotics derived from human breast milk infants and their early intervention to relieve intestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis(UC).This study laid a solid foundation for probiotics in the prevention of intestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis (UC),and provided a reference guide for oxidative stress as a new therapeutic target.
    2022,22(2):49-57, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.02.006
    [Abstract] (628) [HTML] (824) [PDF 1.15 M] (1284)
    Abstract:
    Soybean peptides (SOPs) are functional ingredients with good health benefits. The health benefits presented are highly dependent on the peptide structures. SOPs were prepared from soybean protein isolate by hydrolysis. Ultraviolet full wavelength scanning method and circular dichroism spectrophotometry were used to analyze whether the structure of SOPs was affected by pepsin, trypsin and the sequential treatment of pepsin and trypsin. ABTS free radical scavenging ability, DPPH free radical scavenging ability, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) of SOPs were measured in order to explore the changes of antioxidant capacity of SOPs before and after digestion. The results showed that SOPs were mainly composed of components with molecular weight less than 1 000 u, and the proportion of components less than 1 000 u increased after digestion, and the maximum proportion reached 88.46%. They all had maximum absorption peaks at 275 nm. In the secondary structure, the proportion of random curl in the four groups of SOPs was about 30%, accounting for about 1/3 of the total secondary structure composition, indicating high disorder and loose and open structure of SOPs. The ABTS free radical scavenging ability and iron reducing ability of SOPs were stable. After trypsin digestion, DPPH radical scavenging rate decreased and oxygen radical absorption capacity increased significantly (P < 0.01).
    2022,22(9):239-247, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.09.025
    [Abstract] (635) [HTML] (599) [PDF 1.15 M] (1284)
    Abstract:
    A method for the determination of perchlorate and chlorate in bovin milk and infant formula by high performance anion exchange chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. It was optimized about the protein precipitation reagent and the purification conditions of infant formula. The protein was precipitated by acetonitrile and the supernatant was purified by ion chromatographic pretreatment column. The separation was performed on a Dionex IonPac AS19 high performance anion column with gradient elution using potassium hydroxide eluent at the flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The injection volume was 50 μL. The column temperature was 30 ℃. The results showed that the perchlorate and chlorate could be separated well under the experimental conditions and showed a good linear relationship with its corresponding quantitative ion peak area in a wide concentration range (R2>0.999). The limits of detection for perchlorate and chlorate were 7 ng/L and 1.7 ng/L, respectively, and the limits of quantification were 20 ng/L and 5 ng/L. The recoveries of milk and infant formula were 88.95%~102.33%, and the RSDs were 1.86%~3.21%. This method has the advantages of simple sample processing, low limit of detection, low limit of quantification, good stability, good repeatability and recovery, and could be widely used in the detection of milk and infant powder.
    2022,22(2):1-10, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.02.001
    [Abstract] (916) [HTML] (944) [PDF 2.72 M] (1282)
    Abstract:
    Jug r 2 is the major allergen of walnut. And the linear epitopes on Jug r 2 is a key factor in triggering a severe allergic reaction. Hence, the research on the efficient strategy for analyzing the linear epitopes of Jug r 2 is necessary. In our study, two immunoinformatic tools including DNAStar Protean and ABCpred were used to predict the B cells linear epitopes on Jug r 2. In vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and HPLC-MS/MS were used to identify anti-digestion peptides. And anti-digestion peptides were located on the 3D model of Jug r 2. The results showed that eight predicted B cells linear epitopes were AA186-199, AA226-230, AA257-263, AA284-289, AA373-382, AA389-398, AA408-414, AA472-487; eleven anti-digestion peptides were AA215~220, AA250~260, AA323~337, AA351~356, AA363~388, AA428~438, AA470~483, AA488~513, AA514~526, AA527~541, AA545~572. Of all anti-digestion peptides, four coincided with the predicted or true B cells linear epitope sequences and eight coincided with true T cells epitopes sequences. Anti-digestion peptides showed good antigenic properties in hydrophilic and flexible on the localization of Jug r 2 3D structure. Therefore, the anti-digestion property of food allergens may be a promising direction for studying linear epitopes of Jug r 2.
    2022,22(2):11-22, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.02.002
    [Abstract] (315) [HTML] (906) [PDF 2.34 M] (1275)
    Abstract:
    In this study, the pre-treated whey protein by ultrasound was used as the substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis. OPA and ELISA method were used to analyze the optimal conditions of ultrasonic pretreatment - enzymatic hydrolysis for whey protein by the crude enzyme of Kluyveromyces marxianus Z17, in order to reduce the antigenicity of whey protein (characterized by the antigenicity of α-LA and β-LG). The results showed that the hydrolysis degree of whey protein was significantly affected by initial pH value and hydrolysis temperature, and the antigenicity of α-LA and β-LG was apparently influenced by initial pH value, and the interaction of ultrasonic interval time and ultrasonic power also played a role in affecting the antigenicity of α-LA and β-LG. The optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis to transform whey protein by Kluyveromyces marxianus Z17 were obtained by response surface method: the reduction rates of α-LA antigenicity and β-LG antigenicity were predicted to reach the maximum at the ultrasonic interval time of 16 s, the ultrasonic power of 400 W, the initial pH of 6.16 and the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 18.48 ℃, which were 65.56% and 57.96%, respectively.
    2022,22(1):12-20, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.01.002
    [Abstract] (453) [HTML] (887) [PDF 1.42 M] (1258)
    Abstract:
    In this study,the trans-well co-culture system of Caco-2 monolayer cells and HaCaT cells was established,and the effects of resveratrol,kaempferol,punicalagin,fisetin and oenothein B on SIRT3 expression were evaluated by the SIRT3-EGFP reporter gene system in HaCaT cells,as well as the protective effect of the selected SIRT3-augmenting polyphenols on UVB-induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells were further investigated.The result showed that resveratrol,kaempferol and oenothein B significantly enhanced the expression of exogenous and endogenous SIRT3 gene;among them,oenothein B significantly reduced the level of ROS in HaCaT cells;however,knockdown SIRT3 expression significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of oenothein B on UVB-induced oxidative stress.In conclusion,the inhibition effect of oenothein B on UVB-induced ROS generation depends on SIRT3 in the co-culture system of Caco-2 cells and HaCaT cells.
    2022,22(2):23-30, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.02.003
    [Abstract] (421) [HTML] (861) [PDF 1.47 M] (1188)
    Abstract:
    Pectin is a polysaccharide that widely exists in plant cell walls and has a variety of physiologically active functions. Various studies have confirmed that modification of polysaccharide can improve its biological activity. Therefore, in this study, the citrus segment membrane pectin (PP) and its degraded oligosaccharides (POS1 and POS2) recovered from the citrus canning waste water were carried out sulfate esterification in order to increase their activity. Molecular weight and monosaccharide composition analysis showed that after sulfating by TBA and DMSO systems, the molecular weight of sulfated pectin polysaccharides and oligosaccharides were decreased, and the content of arabinose and galactose reduced significantly. FTIR and NMR results shown that the H4 of each component of galacturonic acid showed a low-field shift after sulfation. And the anomer hydrogen signals of galactose and arabinose from POS1 and POS2 shifted to the low field, respectively. Which indicating that the main chain and the side chain were sulfated. The in vitro results showed that the anti-tumor activity of sulfated POS1 and POS2 was further enhanced. Among them, POS1-T has the best effect, with an inhibition rate of 30.25%. In summary, the results of the study indicated that sulfation could increase the antitumor effect of pectin polysaccharide and its oligosaccharides.
    2022,22(1):198-205, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.01.022
    [Abstract] (561) [HTML] (783) [PDF 1.03 M] (1180)
    Abstract:
    Brassica chinensis L.is a typical green leafy vegetable which is easy to senesce and yellow after harvest.The effects of different concentrations of melatonin (MT) (0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 mmol/L) on the storage quality of Brassica chinensis L.were studied.The results showed that MT treatment could effectively delay the senescence,keep the good color,delay the increase of weight loss rate and yellowing rate,and keep the higher contents of chlorophyll,vitamin C,soluble solids and reduce sugar.In addition,MT treatment also significantly increased the activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase.Among the four different melatonin concentrations,0.6 mmol/L melatonin was the most suitable for the storage and preservation of Brassica chinensis L.The results provided theoretical basis and technical support for the storage and preservation of Brassica chinensis L.
    2022,22(2):77-87, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.02.009
    [Abstract] (185) [HTML] (764) [PDF 2.00 M] (1160)
    Abstract:
    In order to clarify the state and distribution of water in non-fermented frozen dough at different mixing times and during freezing storage, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) was used to determine the moisture state of dough and after freezing during the dough mixing process by farinograph. The results showed that: In the dough mixing process, the proportion of strongly bound water (A21) in the dough just after leaving 500 BU was the highest and the proportion of weakly bound water(A22) was the highest. At this time, the water binding state was the best, and the gluten was fully hydrated. Ice crystal pores with irregular shapes and uneven distribution appeared inside the dough with different stirring times after freezing. However, the A21 value of the dough that had just left 500 BU was still the highest after freezing, the number of internal ice crystal pores was small, and the area of ice crystal pores was small. The moisture binding state was better. Conclusion: The moisture binding state of the dough that just left 500 BU from the farinograph kneading process was the best, the gluten network structure was fully formed, and the mobility of internal water molecules was the lowest. After frozen storage, the moisture binding state of the dough that had just left 500 BU was still good, and the internal water molecules were relatively stable.
    2022,22(1):78-87, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.01.009
    [Abstract] (558) [HTML] (851) [PDF 2.01 M] (1156)
    Abstract:
    Purpose:To explore the effect of camel milk on the diversity and structure of intestinal microflora in mice with chronic alcoholic liver injury.In this experiment,male C57BL/6NCr mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:control group (Con,n=6),model group (Et,n=6),camel milk dose group (EtCM,n=6) and cow milk dose group (EtNM,n=6);the experiment was conducted for 8 weeks,the first 4 weeks were fed with Lieber-DeCarli liquid feed (including control),and the following 4 weeks were fed with corresponding milk or saline on the basis of feeding Lieber-DeCarli liquid feed.After the gavage,the NIAAA model was established by gavage 31.5% alcohol solution at a dose of 5 g/kg.Serum LPS content was detected,and colonic feces of mice were collected under sterile conditions for 16S rRNA sequencing,and intestinal flora alpha diversity,beta diversity,and species structure based on genus and genus levels were analyzed.Serum index results showed that serum LPS of mice in EtCM group and EtNM group was significantly reduced (P < 0.01).16S rRNA sequencing results showed that camel milk and cow milk significantly increased the abundance and uniformity of the colonic intestinal flora of ALD mice,and better adjusted the structure of intestinal flora;among them,camel milk showed better alpha diversity than cow milk.At the phylum level,camel milk and cow milk significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroides phylum and decreased the abundance of thick-walled phylum.At the genus level,camel milk and cow milk significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroides,Bacteroides,and Ackermania,and reduced the abundance of the unknown genus Ruminococcaceae_UCG-013 under the Rumenaceae family.Among them,the beneficial bacteria abundance of camel milk is 9% higher than that of cow milk.Conclusion:Camel milk can adjust the intestinal flora structure by changing the intestinal flora environment of ALD mice.It shows that camel milk can be used as a functional dairy product to regulate intestinal flora,and can prevent intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by chronic ALD.
    2022,22(2):88-97, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.02.010
    [Abstract] (234) [HTML] (801) [PDF 1.37 M] (1153)
    Abstract:
    The effects of mass concentration, temperature, inorganic cation type and pH on the fluid and gelation properties of polysaccharide from Dendrobium officinale(DOP) were evaluated by rheological analysis and FT-IR analysis in this study. The results showed that the DOP aqueous solution exhibited shear-thinning flow behavior under different concentration, temperature, inorganic cation type and solution pH. The viscosity of DOP solution increased with its increasing concentration and the pseudoplastic was more obvious. The viscosity of DOP solution decreased with the increasing of temperature in the range of 5~75 ℃. The addition of Na+ significantly increased the viscosity of DOP solution. However, the viscosity of DOP solution was decreased when K+, Ca2+, Al3+ were added respectively and the change trend was related to the inorganic cation concentration and valence. DOP extracted with hot water had good stability under acidic conditions. However, the viscosity of DOP solution significantly increased under alkaline conditions and the gelation of solution will be occurred under alkaline conditions (pH>10.0). The dynamic rheological results showed that the gel transition was enhanced with the increasing of polysaccharide mass concentration. The FT-IR results indicated that the gelation was related to the absorption peaks at 1 735 cm-1, 2 935 cm-1 and 2 881 cm-1. The above results suggested that the aqueous solution of DOP had unique fluid and gelation properties for processing. The results are useful for the formulation and processing of polysaccharide extracted from Dendrobium officinale.
    2022,22(1):364-375, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.01.040
    [Abstract] (350) [HTML] (911) [PDF 1.59 M] (1119)
    Abstract:
    The development of biodegradable materials as the substitute of plastics has been widely studied recent years due to the problem of plastic pollution.Starch,a common natural polysaccharide,has been considered as an ideal source of biodegradable materials because of its with low price and wide source.This paper reviewed the most advanced research progress of starch-based biodegradable materials,including the additives,preparation and characterization methods of starch-based biodegradable materials,as well as their applications in food industry.Finally,this article provides the perspectives on current challenges and share our outlook of starch-based biodegradable materials to provide reference and guidance for the future studies in this area.
    2022,22(1):49-57, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.01.006
    [Abstract] (614) [HTML] (846) [PDF 1.07 M] (1117)
    Abstract:
    This study aims to explore the potential utilization of sweet orange peels.In this paper,flavonoid compounds in the peels of blood orange,navel orange,egyptian orange,and sunkist orange were extracted,and the contents of 11 flavonoid compounds were analyzed by HPLC.Then the bioactive functions in four sweet orange peels were investigated in vitro.The results manifested that there were abundant flavanone compounds in the sweet orange peels,such as eriocitrin,narirutin,and hesperidin,and the contents of polymethoxyflavonoids were less than that of flavanone compounds.The comprehensive APC index of flavonoids in sweet orange peels ranged from 86.20% to 99.47%.The inhibitory ratio of α-glucosidase varying from 46.16% to 70.18%.Moreover,the bile acid salt binding experiment indicated that sweet orange peels flavonoids could bind bile acid sodium,sodium taurocholate,and sodium glycocholate.The adsorption capacity was within the range of 0.359 to 0.460 μmol/mg.Pearson correlation analysis showed positive correlations between the biological activity and the total content of 11 flavonoids.This study provided theoretical support for the development of antioxidative,hypoglycemic,and lipid-lowering functional products using sweet orange peels.
    2022,22(2):31-39, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.02.004
    [Abstract] (552) [HTML] (883) [PDF 1.54 M] (1090)
    Abstract:
    The stability in different temperature and pH value of soluble dietary fiber-polyphenol complexes and their functions on lipids, cholesterol, cholesterol decreases, adsorption capacity and cation exchange capacity of bile salts, also the potential lipid-lowering activity in vitro experiments were explored, which aimed at providing a reference for the preparation of functional foods with lipid-lowering function. The datas showed that the stability of the compound decreased with the increase of temperature and pH value. The adsorption capacity of soluble dietary fiber-polyphenol complex to oil was better than that of soluble dietary fiber and physical mixture, whose results were significantal (P<0.01) different and the adsorption of lard and peanut oil showed the same trendency. The adsorption effect of the complex on cholesterol was significantly better than that of soluble dietary fiber (P<0.05) the simulated environment solution (pH 7.0) and the adsorption capacity of the complex on cholesterol in the simulated intestinal environment (pH=7.0) was significantly higher in a simulated stomach environment (pH=2.0). In addition, the interaction between soluble dietary fiber and polyphenols significantly promoted the adsorption effect of soluble dietary fiber on cholate (P<0.01) and improved the cation exchange capacity of soluble dietary fiber.
    2022,22(10):116-125, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.10.013
    [Abstract] (320) [HTML] (804) [PDF 1.91 M] (1084)
    Abstract:
    Objective: To extract shrimp peptides from the by-products of red shrimp, and study its activity in promoting the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. Methods: Firstly, the MTT method was used to detect the effect of different concentrations of shrimp peptides on the survival rate of MC3T3-E1 cells. After the concentration was selected, the osteoblasts were induced to differentiate and culture, and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured at 3 and 7 days of culture. Measure the content of osteocalcin (OCN) and type I collagen (COL-I) at 7 d and 14 d. Alizarin red staining is used to detect the degree of mineralization of cells induced and cultured at 21 d. QPCR and Western blot are used to study the expression of key genes and the proteins OPG, RANKL and RUNX2 in bone formation in the OPG/RANKL/RANK signaling pathway. Results: Shrimp peptide mass concentrations of 0.02, 0.05 mg/mL, and 0.1 mg/mL significantly promoted cell proliferation, ALP activity, OCN and COL-I content increased compared to the control group, and the area of mineralized nodules increased significantly (P < 0.05). Shrimp peptide up-regulates the expression of ALP, OCN, and COL-I genes, promotes the expression of OPG and RUNX2 genes and protein levels, and inhibits the expression of RANKL genes and protein levels. Conclusion: Shrimp peptide can promote the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, and activate the OPG/RANKL/RANK signaling pathway to promote osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
    2022,22(1):116-124, DOI: 10.16429/j.1009-7848.2022.01.013
    [Abstract] (173) [HTML] (814) [PDF 1.35 M] (1082)
    Abstract:
    In the process of cider fermentation,Saccharomyces cerevisiae will make metabolic responses to various stresses and environmental changes.Chlorogenic acid is a relatively high content of apple polyphenols in apples and cider.This study selected chlorogenic acid as a representative apple polyphenol to investigate the effects of different concentrations on the physiological characteristic of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The results showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae CICC 31084 improved the resistance to stress by changing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT) and the content of intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) under the stress of chlorogenic acid.Among them,SOD activity gradually increased with the increase of chlorogenic acid's concentration.The stress of low concentration of chlorogenic acid(0.01 g/L)promoted the increase of CAT activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The content of MDA was reduced in the early fermentation stage,and increased in the late fermentation stage under the stress of chlorogenic acid.With the extension of the fermentation time,the concentration of key aroma substances in cider gradually increased,which reached the maximum in the middle of fermentation,and then gradually decreased and stabilized.Correlation analysis showed that the concentration of key aroma substances,such as phenylethyl alcohol,phenylethyl acetate,isoamyl acetate,and ethyl caprate were positively correlated with the concentration of chlorogenic acid,the correlation coefficients respectively were 0.133,0.253,0.026,0.114;ethyl caprylate and ethyl caproate were negatively correlated with the concentration of chlorogenic acid,the correlation coefficients were -0.012 and -0.248.
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    2003,0(Z1):504-507, DOI:
    Abstract:
    松毛虫是我国危害最大的林业害虫之一.但其虫体却含有约60%的优质动物蛋白,8%左右的甲壳素/壳聚糖,还有Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn等微量元素和VA、VE等维生素.国内外一些少数民族地区的人群很早就有取食其虫蛹的习惯.作为一类潜在的食品资源,与其它昆虫相比,松毛虫资源量极大,而且易于捕获;此外,开发松毛虫新资源食品在一定程度上可以降低它的危害程度,可避免因大量使用农药而带来的环境污染,具有较大的经济和生态效益.

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