The structure characteristics， antioxidant activity and anti-aging of melanin from Gomphidius viscidus D1 were studied. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy， infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to evaluate structure characteristics； Hydroxyl， 1，1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)， superoxide anion radical scavenging assays， and potassium ferricyanide reducing power were used to evaluate antioxidant activity in vitro； Natural aging， hydrogen peroxide， heat and ultraviolet damage models were used to evaluate anti-aging and anti-stress injuries on Caenorhabditis elegans； SOD， CAT activities and MDA content were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity in vivo. The results showed that melanin from Gomphidius viscidus is an amorphous structure， it has typical ultraviolet visible and infrared absorption spectra of melanin； It has good scavenging activities， the DPPH， hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion scavenging rates reached 67.1%， 68.42% and 34.3%； The natural lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans was prolonged significantly by 1.00 g/L melanin (P<0.05)， lifespan under oxidative stress， heat stress and ultraviolet radiation stress could be prolonged by melanin at the mass concentration of 0.50-1.00 g/L， 0.50-4.00 g/L and 0.25-4.00 g/L respectively (P<0.01)； At 0.50-1.00 g/L， the SOD (P<0.05)， CAT (P<0.01) activities were significantly increased， and MDA content (P<0.01) was significantly decreased. In conclusion， melanin from Gomphidius viscidus has good antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo and has good anti-aging and anti-stress injury effects.