The development of sustainable protein resources has become a research focus in addressing global food security and environmental challenges driven by population growth and climate change. This review systematically examined the development status of diverse alternative proteins guided by the concept of ｀all-encompassing approach to food' and comprehensively analyzed the safety of alternative proteins， including plant proteins， insect proteins， single-cell proteins， and cultured meat. Through bibliometric analysis and case studies， six major safety risks were identified: Microbial risks， allergenic risks， exogenous addition risks， genetically modified risks， adulteration risks， and nutritional safety risk. Furthermore， the current regulatory frameworks for alternative protein foods in various regions were compared and analyzed to provide scientific evidence for the risk assessment and regulatory system construction of alternative protein products.